1907 New York City rent strike

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1907 New York City rent strike
Group discussing the East Side rent strike on a sidewalk
DateDecember 26, 1907 - January 9, 1908
Location
New York City, primarily the Lower East Side but also Williamsburg, Brooklyn, the Upper East Side, and Upper West Side.
Caused byRent increases and the Panic of 1907
GoalsRent reductions and a cap on rent based on wages
Resulted inRent reductions for approximately 2,000 people
Parties
Police, Landlords, Magistrates
Lead figures
Number
~10,000 people

The 1907 New York City rent strike or the East Side rent strike lasted from December 26, 1907, to January 9, 1908. The rent strike began in response to a proposed rent increase in the wake of the Panic of 1907 which saw tens of thousands unemployed. It began in the Lower East Side and the predominant organizers were Jewish immigrant women in the neighborhood such as Pauline Newman, who played a major role in organizing the strike. It eventually spread to other areas of Manhattan and Brooklyn, comprising approximately 10,000 tenants. The strike was taken over by the Eight Assembly District of the Socialist Party of America in early 1908. Due to mass evictions and police brutality, the strike was broken, though approximately 2,000 successfully halted rent increases.

Context

Main article: 1904 New York City Rent Strike

In the early 1900s, rent in the area had increased due to an influx of immigrants, the demolition of existing tenements, and slower rate of new buildings due to the Tenement House Act of 1901. This all led to a speculative housing market.[1] In 1904, landlords called for a general rent increase of 20-30% starting May 1. In response, tenants organized into tenants unions and started a mass rent strike in the Lower East Side, the first rent strike in New York City. The strike comprised 800 tenement houses wherein 2,000 tenants faced eviction.[1] Organizing was initially informal, relying on networking among the Jewish community, and primarily relying on women.[2][3] The first neighborhood organization, the New York Protective Rent Association, was formed by socialist leaders as an umbrella organization. It provided striking tenants with a lawyer to assist them by contesting cases on technical grounds to gain adjournments.[3] Between 1902 and 1908, rents in the tenements increased by approximately 25%.[4]

The Depression of 1907 led to 75-100 thousand men in the Lower East Side being unemployed. In December 1907, landlords announced rent would be increased by 1-2 dollars, the latest in a series of rent hikes over the past several years.[5]

1907 rent strike

The rent strike began December 26, 1907, and lasted until January 9, 1908, primarily led by local housewives who canvassed the neighborhood tenements for support.[5][6] Pauline Newman, then 16 years old and working in the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory, helped organize the strike and was labelled in city newspapers as "The New Joan of Arc.[7][8] By December 26th she had organized about 400 working girls to canvass the neighborhood during the evenings.[8][9] By December 28th, tenants made lists of the buildings code violations in the neighborhood and presented them to city officials, prompting attention from inspectors in the Tenement House Department and Health Department.[9] Papers such as The Daily Forward urged rent strikes.[5]

Tenement children on the Lower East Side hanging the effigy of a landlord during the strike
A tenant organizer on the left with her fist raised, addressing a group of tenants outside a Lower East Side building in December 1907

In 1908, the rent strike was brought under the Socialist Party of America's Eight Assembly District.[5] While initial organizing had been done by women, the party was composed primarily of men.[2] The Socialist Labor Party, the rival social democratic organization, was critical of the strike, taking issue with organizing workers as consumers.[3] Under the party, the rent strike spread to Brooklyn and Harlem; tenants of Newark, New Jersey, also sent a delegation to discuss organizing their own strike.[5] Sympathy strikes were organized in Williamsburg, Brooklyn, and Manhattans Upper East Side and Upper West Side.[10][4] Tenants were organized in Italian as well as Jewish neighborhoods.[10] Organized by the party, the tenants hung effigies of their landlords and hung red flags, often dyed petticoats, from their windows.[4][5]

Due to the strike's association with the Socialist Party, it was considered a leftist activity by much of the New York City public.[5] As a result, it became susceptible to waves of anti-communist sentiment.[10] The media was less supportive of the strike than the one in 1904, calling it a "tenant uprising", "rent war", and "tenant rebellion".[5] On January 5, 1908, under the direction of the landlords, police brutalized strikers after they had refused to disperse meetings and take down the red flags and protest signs hung up.[11][4]

Aftermath and legacy

Political cartoon in Louis Miller's newspaper Di Varhayt - “How the landlord pictures himself in the great rent war.”[12]
See also: 1918-20 New York City rent strikes

Magistrates issued thousands of eviction notices, effectively breaking the strike.[10] Of the 10,000 participants, only about 2,000 received rent reductions.[3][13] The demand to cap the rent at 30% of wages was unmet.[3] The strike did not result in long-lasting organizations or changes to the Lower East Side.[3][4]

On January 12, 1908, Yiddish poet Morris Rosenfeld published a one-act play titled Rent Strike in The Daily Forward.[12]

Nothing comparable took place until after World War I.[5] The strike drew the attention of women leaders in the settlement house movement, who would then introduce the concept of rent control into NYC politics.[14] In 1917, a wave of rent strikes began which led to the institution of rent controls in 1920.[2]

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to 1907-08 NYC Rent Strike.

Further reading

  • Rousseau, Victor (January 25, 1908). "Low Rent or No Rent": The Tenement Dwellers’ Rebellion In New York. Vol. 25. Internet Archive. Harper's Weekly.

References

  1. ^ a b Lawson, Ronald (May 1984). "The Rent Strike in New York City, 1904-1980: The Evolution of a Social Movement Strategy". Journal of Urban History. 10 (3): 235–258. doi:10.1177/009614428401000301. ISSN 0096-1442. S2CID 145008168.
  2. ^ a b c Lawson, Ronald; Barton, Stephen E. (1980). "Sex Roles in Social Movements: A Case Study of the Tenant Movement in New York City". Signs. 6 (2): 230–247. doi:10.1086/493794. ISSN 0097-9740. JSTOR 3173924. S2CID 144940583.
  3. ^ a b c d e f Poy, Lucas (2021-05-31). "Radical Housing Journal" (PDF). Radical Housing Journal. 3 (1): 131–147. doi:10.54825/wamd5849. ISSN 2632-2870.
  4. ^ a b c d e Mele, Christopher (2000). Selling the Lower East Side: culture, real estate, and resistance in New York City. Globalization and community. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. p. 62. ISBN 978-0-8166-3182-7.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i Joselit, Jenna Weissman (1986). "1: The Landlord as Czar - Pre-World War I Tenant Activity". In Lawson, Ronald (ed.). The tenant movement in New York City, 1904 - 1984. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers Univ. Press. pp. 39–50. ISBN 978-0-8135-1158-0.
  6. ^ Robbins, Glyn (December 26, 2021). "The Radical Legacy of New York's Winter Rent Strike". Tribune. Retrieved 2023-07-26.
  7. ^ "NEW JOAN OF ARC LEADS RENT STRIKE; Pauline Newman Has Organized 400 Women for a Crusade Against Grasping Landlords. COME DOWN OR NO PAY" Already the Dwellers in Five Big Tenements Have Made Demands -- Evictions Expected". The New York Times. 1907-12-27. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-07-25.
  8. ^ a b Bartoletti, Susan Campbell (1999). "The Power of Work and Wages: Working Toward Historicity in Children's Fiction". Children's Literature Association Quarterly. 24 (3): 112–118. doi:10.1353/chq.0.1101. ISSN 1553-1201. S2CID 145431916.
  9. ^ a b Bartoletti, Susan Campbell (2003). "3: "Dear God, Will it ever be Different?" - Pauline Newman and the New York City Rent Strike (1907)". Kids on Strike!. Clarion Books. pp. 62–81. ISBN 0618369236.
  10. ^ a b c d Marcuse, P. (July 1999). "Housing Movements in the USA". Housing, Theory and Society. 16 (2): 67–86. doi:10.1080/14036099950150026. ISSN 1403-6096.
  11. ^ Goldstein, Robert J. (1974). "the anarchist scare of 1908: a sign of tensions in the progressive era". American Studies. 15 (2): 55–78. ISSN 0026-3079. JSTOR 40644042.
  12. ^ a b "Rent Strike". Jewish Currents. Retrieved 2023-07-24.
  13. ^ Triece, Mary Eleanor (2007). On the picket line: strategies of working-class women during the Depression. Urbana, Ill.: Univ. of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0-252-03151-9.
  14. ^ Hyman, Paula E. (1999). "The Jewish Body Politic: Gendered Politics in the Early Twentieth Century". Nashim: A Journal of Jewish Women's Studies & Gender Issues (2): 37–51. ISSN 0793-8934. JSTOR 40326488.
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