Climate crisis

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This article is about the term or expression, "Climate crisis". For substantive discussion of the current warming of the Earth's climate system, see Climate change. For formal recognition of climate change as a crisis or emergency, see Climate emergency declaration. For climate communication in general, see Climate communication.
Google trends data shows that, following the 2006 release of Al Gore's film, An Inconvenient Truth,[1] searches for the term climate crisis increased, with a resurgence beginning in late 2018. Also graphed: searches for the term climate emergency.

"Climate crisis" is a term that is used to describe global warming and climate change, and their effects. This term and the term "climate emergency" have been used to describe the threat of global warming to humanity and Earth, and to urge aggressive climate change mitigation and "transformational" adaptation.[2][3][4][5] In the scientific journal BioScience, a January 2020 article that was endorsed by over 11,000 scientists states: "the climate crisis has arrived" and that an "immense increase of scale in endeavors to conserve our biosphere is needed to avoid untold suffering due to the climate crisis".[6][7]

The term "climate crisis" is used by those who "believe it evokes the gravity of the threats the planet faces from continued greenhouse gas emissions and can help spur the kind of political willpower that has long been missing from climate advocacy".[2] They believe, much as "global warming" provoked more emotional engagement and support for action than "climate change",[2][8][9] calling climate change a crisis could have an even stronger effect.[2]

A study has shown the term "climate crisis" invokes a strong emotional response by conveying a sense of urgency;[10] some caution this response may be counter-productive[11] and may cause a backlash due to perceptions of alarmist exaggeration.[12][13]

Scientific basis

Further information: Scientific consensus on climate change and Effects of climate change
Scientific consensus on causation: Academic studies of scientific agreement on human-caused global warming among climate experts (2010–2015) reflect that the level of consensus correlates with expertise in climate science.[14] A 2019 study found scientific consensus to be at 100%,[15] and a 2021 study concluded that consensus exceeded 99%.[16] Another 2021 study found that 98.7% of climate experts indicated that the Earth is getting warmer mostly because of human activity.[17]

Until the mid 2010s, the scientific community had been using neutral, constrained language when discussing climate change. Advocacy groups, politicians and media have traditionally been using more-powerful language than that used by climate scientists.[18] From around 2014, a shift in scientists' language connoted an increased sense of urgency.[19]: 2546  Use of the terms "urgency", "climate crisis" and "climate emergency" in scientific publications and in mass media has grown. Scientists have called for more-extensive action and "transformational" climate-change adaptation that focuses on large-scale change in systems.[19]: 2546 

In 2020, a group of over 11,000 scientists said in a paper in BioScience describing global warming as a "climate emergency" or "climate crisis" was appropriate.[20] The scientists stated an "immense increase of scale in endeavor" is needed to conserve the biosphere.[6] They warned about "profoundly troubling signs", which may have many indirect effects such as large-scale human migration and food insecurity; these signs include increases in dairy and meat production, fossil fuel consumption, greenhouse gas emissions and deforestation, activities that are all concurrent with upward trends in climate-change effects such as rising global temperatures, global ice melt and extreme weather.[6]

In 2019, scientists published an article in Nature saying evidence from climate tipping points alone suggests "we are in a state of planetary emergency".[21] They defined "emergency" as a product of risk and urgency, factors they said are "acute". Previous research had shown individual tipping points could be exceeded with a 1–2 °C (2–4 °F) of global temperature increase; warming has already exceeded 1 °C (2 °F).[21] A global cascade of tipping points is possible with greater warming.[21]

Definitions

In the context of climate change, the word "crisis" is used to denote "a crucial or decisive point or situation that could lead to a tipping point".[5] It is a situation with an "unprecedented circumstance".[5] A similar definition states in this context, "crisis" means "a turning point or a condition of instability or danger" and implies "action needs to be taken now or else the consequences will be disastrous".[22] Another definition defines "climate crisis" as "the various negative effects that unmitigated climate change is causing or threatening to cause on our planet, especially where these effects have a direct impact on humanity".[13]

Use of the term

Logo of the United States House Select Committee on the Climate Crisis, formation of which was authorized on January 9, 2019.[23]

20th century

Maldives President Mohamed Nasheed at the launch of the Climate Vulnerability Monitor in 2009, where the term "climate crisis" was used.

Former U.S. Vice President Al Gore has used crisis terminology since the 1980s; the Climate Crisis Coalition, which was formed in 2004, formalized the term "climate crisis".[2] A 1990 report by the American University International Law Review includes legal texts that use the word "crisis".[3] "The Cairo Compact: Toward a Concerted World-Wide Response to the Climate Crisis" (1989) states: "All nations ... will have to cooperate on an unprecedented scale. They will have to make difficult commitments without delay to address this crisis."[3]

21st century

U.S. Representative-elect Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez and U.S. Senator Bernie Sanders at the December 2018, "Solving Our Climate Crisis, a National Town Hall"

In the late 2010s, the phrase "climate crisis" emerged "as a crucial piece of the climate hawk lexicon", and was adopted by the Green New Deal, The Guardian, Greta Thunberg, and U.S. Democratic political candidates such as Kamala Harris.[2] At the same time, it came into more-popular use following a series of warnings from climate scientists and newly-energized activists.[2]

In the U.S. in late 2018, the United States House of Representatives established the House Select Committee on the Climate Crisis, the name of which was regarded as "a reminder of how much energy politics have changed in the last decade".[24] The original House climate committee had been called the "Select Committee on Energy Independence and Global Warming" in 2007.[2] It was abolished in 2011 when Republicans regained control of the House.[4]

The advocacy group Public Citizen reported that in 2018, less than 10% of articles in top-50 U.S. newspapers used the terms "crisis" or "emergency" in the context of climate change.[25] In the same year, 3.5% of national television news segments in the U.S. referred to climate change as a crisis or an emergency (50 of 1,400).[25][26] In 2019, Public Citizen launched a campaign called "Call it a Climate Crisis"; it urged major media organizations to adopt the term "climate crisis".[26] In the first four months of 2019, the number of uses of the term in U.S. media tripled to 150.[25] The Sierra Club, the Sunrise Movement, Greenpeace, and other environmental and progressive organizations joined in the group's letter to major U.S. media on June 6, 2019, which said:

The words that reporters and anchors use matter. What they call something shapes how millions see it—and influences how nations act. And today, we need to act boldly and quickly. With scientists warning of global catastrophe unless we slash emissions by 2030, the stakes have never been higher, and the role of news media never more critical. ... We are urging you to call the dangerous overheating of our planet, and the lack of action to stop it, what it is—a crisis—and to cover it like one.[27]

In 2019, the language of climate appeared to change. The UN Secretary General's address at the 2019 UN Climate Action Summit used more-emphatic language; Al Gore's campaign The Climate Reality Project, Greenpeace and the Sunrise Movement petitioned news organizations to alter their language; and in May 2019, The Guardian changed its style guide[28] to favor the terms "climate emergency, crisis or breakdown" and "global heating".[29][30] Editor-in-Chief Katharine Viner said: "We want to ensure that we are being scientifically precise, while also communicating clearly with readers on this very important issue. The phrase 'climate change', for example, sounds rather passive and gentle when what scientists are talking about is a catastrophe for humanity."[31] The Guardian became a lead partner in Covering Climate Now, an initiative of news organizations Columbia Journalism Review and The Nation that was founded in 2019 to address the need for stronger climate coverage.[32][33]

In May 2019, The Climate Reality Project promoted an open petition of news organizations to use "climate crisis" instead of "climate change" and "global warming".[2] The NGO said: "it's time to abandon both terms in culture".[34]

In June 2019, Spanish news agency EFE announced its preferred phrase was "crisis climática".[25] In November 2019, Hindustan Times also adopted the term because "climate change" "does not correctly reflect the enormity of the existential threat".[35] The Polish newspaper Gazeta Wyborcza also uses the term "climate crisis" rather than "climate change"; one of its editors described climate change as one of the most-important topics the paper has ever covered.[36]

Also in June 2019, the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) changed its language guide to say: "Climate crisis and climate emergency are OK in some cases as synonyms for 'climate change'. But they're not always the best choice ... For example, 'climate crisis' could carry a whiff of advocacy in certain political coverage".[37] Journalism professor Sean Holman does not agree with this and said in an interview:

It's about being accurate in terms of the scope of the problem that we are facing. And in the media we, generally speaking, don't have any hesitation about naming a crisis when it is a crisis. Look at the opioid epidemic [in the U.S.], for example. We call it an epidemic because it is one. So why are we hesitant about saying the climate crisis is a crisis?[37]

In June 2019, climate activists demonstrated outside the offices of The New York Times; they urged the newspaper's editors to adopt terms such as "climate emergency" or "climate crisis". This kind of public pressure led New York City Council to make New York the largest city in the world to formally adopt a climate emergency declaration.[38]

In November 2019, the website Oxford Dictionaries named "climate crisis" Word of the year for 2019. The term was chosen because it matches the "ethos, mood, or preoccupations of the passing year".[39]

On December 10, 2020, climate activist Greta Thunberg told the website EcoWatch: "We cannot solve a crisis without treating it as a crisis. Nor can we treat something like a crisis unless we understand the emergency."[40]

In 2021, the Finnish newspaper Helsingin Sanomat created a free variable font called "Climate Crisis" that has eight weights that correlate with Arctic sea ice decline, visualizing historical changes in ice melt.[41] The newspaper's art director said the font both evokes the aesthetics of environmentalism and is a data visualization graphic.[41]

In updates to the World Scientists' Warning to Humanity of 2021 and 2022, scientists used the terms "climate crisis" and "climate emergency"; the title of the publications is "World Scientists' Warning of a Climate Emergency".[7][42] They said: "we need short, frequent, and easily accessible updates on the climate emergency".[7]

Effectiveness

Further information: Public opinion on climate change and Climate psychology

In September 2019, Bloomberg journalist Emma Vickers said that crisis terminology may be "showing results", citing a 2019 poll by The Washington Post and the Kaiser Family Foundation saying that 38% of U.S. adults termed climate change "a crisis" while an equal number called it "a major problem but not a crisis".[4] Five years earlier, U.S. adults considering it a crisis numbered only 23%.[43]

However, use of crisis terminology in various non-binding climate emergency declarations is regarded as ineffective (as of 2019) in making governments "shift into action".[5]

Concerns about crisis terminology

Emergency framing may have several disadvantages.[11] One disadvantage is that such framing may implicitly prioritize climate change over other important social issues. This could encourage competition among activists rather than cooperation. It could also sideline dissent within the climate change movement itself.[11] It may suggest a need for solutions by government, which provides less reliable long-term commitment than does popular mobilization, and which may be perceived as being "imposed on a reluctant population".[11] Finally, it may be counterproductive by causing disbelief (absent immediate dramatic effects), disempowerment (in the face of a problem that seems overwhelming), and withdrawal.[11]

There could also be a crisis fatigue, in which urgency to respond to threats loses its appeal over time.[18] Such language could lose audiences if time passes without meaningful policies to address the emergency.[18]

Researchers have written that "appeals to fear" usually do not generate "sustained and constructive engagement", noting how psychologists consider humans' responses to danger (fight, flight, or freeze) can be maladaptive if they do not reduce the danger.[44] Agreeing that fear is a "paralyzing emotion", Sander van der Linden, director of the Cambridge Social Decision-Making Lab, favors climate crisis over other terms because it conveys a sense of both urgency and optimism, and not a sense of doom. Van der Linden said that "people know that crises can be avoided and that they can be resolved".[45]

Climate scientist Katharine Hayhoe warned in early 2019 that crisis framing is only "effective for those already concerned about climate change, but complacent regarding solutions".[13] She added that it "is not yet effective" for those who perceive climate activists "to be alarmist Chicken Littles", positing that "it would further reinforce their pre-conceived—and incorrect—notions".[13]

Journalists in Germany have warned that crisis may be wrongly understood to suggest that climate change is "inherently episodic" (crises being "either solved or they pass") or as a temporary state before a return to normalcy that is in fact not possible.[46]

Arnold Schwarzenegger, organizer of the Austrian World Summit for climate action, found that people are not motivated by the term climate change. He thinks that focusing on pollution as a term might evoke be a more direct and negative connotation.[47]

Psychological and neuroscientific studies

An advertising consulting agency's 2019 neuroscientific study (120 U.S. people, divided equally among supporters of the Republican Party, Democratic Party and independents)[48] involved electroencephalography (EEG) and galvanic skin response (GSR) measurements.[10] The study measured responses to the terms climate crisis, environmental destruction, environmental collapse, weather destabilization, global warming and climate change.[48] It found that Democrats had a 60% greater emotional response to climate crisis than to climate change. For Republicans the difference in emotional response was even more pronounced: it was three times stronger for climate crisis than for climate change.[48] Climate crisis is said to have "performed well in terms of responses across the political spectrum and elicited the greatest emotional response among independents".[48] The study concluded that the term climate crisis elicited stronger emotional responses than "neutral" and "worn out" terms like global warming and climate change.[10] The term was found to encourage a sense of urgency—though not so strong a response as to cause cognitive dissonance that would cause people to generate counterarguments.[10]

Related terminology

See also: Climate movement § Declaring emergency state, and Climate emergency declaration
Global boiling has arrived

Climate change is here. It is terrifying. And it is just the beginning. The era of global warming has ended; the era of global boiling has arrived.

— António Guterres, U.N. Secretary-General[49]
27 July 2023

Terms like climate emergency and climate crisis have often been used by activists, and are increasingly found in academic papers.[50]
An example of the terms climate crisis and climate emergency being used together during a protest march

Research has shown that what a phenomenon is called, or how it is framed, "has a tremendous effect on how audiences come to perceive that phenomenon"[12] and "can have a profound impact on the audience's reaction".[45]

Climate change and its actual and hypothetical effects are usually described in terms of climate risks in scientific and practitioner literature. When it comes to 'dangerous' risks, there are many related terms other than climate crisis. (Following dates aren't necessarily the first use of such terms.)

In addition to climate crisis, various other terms have been investigated for their effects on audiences, including global warming, climate change, and climatic disruption,[12] as well as environmental destruction, weather destabilization, and environmental collapse.[10]

In 2022, New York Times journalist Amanda Hess noted how "end of the world" characterizations of the future, such as climate apocalypse, were often used to refer to the current climate crisis, the characterization spreading from "the ironized hellscape of the internet" to books and film.[69]

See also

References

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Further reading

External links

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