English: AR signaling pathway and targeted therapeutic approaches in PCa. Androgen synthesis is regulated by the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis. When androgens such as testosterone (T) and DHT bind to AR, AR releases itself from the heat shock protein complex, translocates into the nucleus, and promotes gene transcription to accelerate tumor progression. Targeting the androgen-signaling axis includes multiple approaches, such as targeting GnRH to prevent luteinizing hormone release, targeting CYP17A1 to restrain androgen synthesis, or directly targeting AR to inhibit AR transcription activity