Death and state funeral of Hirohito
![]() The state funeral procession of Emperor Shōwa | |
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Budget | ¥10 billion |
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Hirohito (Emperor Shōwa), the 124th Emperor of Japan according to the traditional order of succession, died on 7 January 1989 at Imperial Palace in Chiyoda, Tokyo, at the age of 87, after suffering from intestinal cancer for some time. He was succeeded by his eldest son, Akihito.
Hirohito's state funeral was held on 24 February at Shinjuku Gyo-en, when he was buried near his parents, Emperor Taishō and Empress Teimei, at the Musashi Imperial Graveyard in Hachiōji, Tokyo.
Illness and death
On 22 September 1987, the Emperor underwent surgery on his pancreas after having digestive problems for several months. The doctors discovered that he had duodenal cancer. The Emperor appeared to be making a full recovery for several months after the surgery. About a year later, however, on 19 September 1988, he collapsed in his palace, and his health worsened over the next several months as he suffered from continuous internal bleeding.
On 7 January 1989, at 7:55 am, the Grand Steward of Japan's Imperial Household Agency, Shōichi Fujimori, officially announced the death of Emperor Shōwa at 6:33 am, and revealed details about his cancer for the first time. He was survived by his wife, five children, ten grandchildren and one great-grandchild.[1]
Succession and posthumous title
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/NHK_announcement_of_Hirohito%27s_death.png/220px-NHK_announcement_of_Hirohito%27s_death.png)
Emperor Shōwa's death ended the Shōwa era. He was succeeded by his son, Crown Prince Akihito. With Emperor Akihito's accession, the Heisei era began effective at midnight the day after Emperor Shōwa's death. The new Emperor's formal enthronement ceremony was held in Tokyo on 12 November 1990.
From 7 January until 31 January 1989, the late Emperor's formal appellation was Taikō Tennō (大行天皇, "Departed Emperor"). The late Emperor's definitive posthumous name, Shōwa Tennō (昭和天皇), was officially determined on 13 January and formally released on 31 January by Noboru Takeshita, the Prime Minister.
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Japan_mourning_flag.svg/220px-Japan_mourning_flag.svg.png)
State funeral
On Friday, 24 February Emperor Shōwa's state funeral was held, and unlike that of his predecessor, although formal it was not conducted in a strictly Shinto manner.[2] It was a funeral carefully designed both as a tribute to the late Emperor and as a showcase for the peaceful, affluent society into which Japan had developed during his reign.[3]
Unlike Emperor Taishō's state funeral 62 years earlier, there was no ceremonious parade of officials dressed in military uniforms, and there were far fewer of the Shinto rituals used at that time to glorify the Emperor as a near-deity. These changes were meant to highlight that the Emperor Shōwa's funeral would be the first of an emperor under the postwar democratic Constitution, and the first imperial funeral held in daylight.[3]
The delay of 48 days between his death and the state funeral was about the same as that for the previous Emperor, and allowed time for numerous ceremonies leading up to the funeral.[3] The late Emperor's body lay in three coffins; some personal items such as books and stationery were also placed into them.
Ceremony at the Imperial Palace
The ceremonies began at 7:30 a.m. when Emperor Akihito conducted a private Ceremony of Farewell for his father in the Imperial Palace.[2]
Funeral procession through Tokyo
At 9:35 a.m., a black motor hearse carrying the body of Emperor Shōwa left the Imperial Palace for the two-mile-long drive to the Shinjuku Gyoen Garden, where the Shinto and state ceremonies were held.[2] The hearse was accompanied by traditional music played on the shō, a Japanese free reed aerophane; the crowd was largely silent as the hearse bearing the Emperor's coffin drove over a stone bridge and out through the Imperial Palace gates. A brass band played a dirge composed for the funeral of Emperor Shōwa's great-grandmother in the late 19th century, and cannon shots were fired in accompaniment.[3]
The motor hearse was accompanied by a procession of 60 cars. The route of the cortege through Tokyo was lined by an estimated 800,000 spectators and 32,000 special police, who had been mobilized to guard against potential terrorist attacks.[2]
The path of the funeral procession passed the National Diet, the democratic core of modern Japan, and the National Stadium, where the emperor opened the 1964 Summer Olympics and heralded Japan's postwar re-emergence.[2]
Ceremonies at Shinjuku Gyoen Garden
The 40-minute procession, accompanied by a brass band, ended when it pulled into the Shinjuku Gyoen Garden, until 1949 reserved for the use of the Imperial family and now one of Tokyo's most popular parks.[3]
At the Shinjuku Gyoen Garden, the funeral ceremonies for Emperor Shōwa were conducted in a Sojoden, a specially constructed funeral hall. The funeral hall was constructed of Japanese cypress and held together with bamboo nails, in keeping with ancient imperial tradition.[2]
The official guests were seated in two white tents located in front of the funeral hall. Because of the low temperatures, many guests used chemical hand-warmers and wool blankets to keep warm as the three-hour Shinto and state ceremonies progressed.[2]
Palanquin procession
Emperor Shōwa's coffin was transferred into a palanquin made of cypress wood painted with black lacquer. Attendants wearing sokutai and bearing white and yellow banners, shields and signs of the sun and moon, led a 225-member procession as musicians played traditional court music (gagaku). Next came gray-robed attendants carrying two sacred sakaki trees draped with cloth streamers and ceremonial boxes of food and silk cloths to be offered to the spirit of the late Emperor.[3]
In a nine-minute procession, 51 members of the Imperial Household Agency, clad in traditional gray Shinto clothing, carried the 1.5 ton Sokaren (Imperial Palanquin) containing the three-layered coffin of the Emperor Shōwa into the funeral hall, as they walked up the aisle between the white tents with domestic and foreign dignitaries.[2][3]
Behind the coffin walked a chamberlain dressed in white, who carried a platter with a pair of white shoes, as it is traditionally held that the deceased Emperor would wear them to heaven.[2] His son and daughter-in-law, The Emperor Akihito and the Empress Michiko carrying their own large umbrellas, followed the palanquin with other family members.[3]
The procession passed through a small wooden torii gate, the Shinto symbol marking the entrance to sacred space, and filed into the Sojoden.[3]
Shinto ceremony
The events in the Sojoden were divided into a religious Sojoden no Gi ceremony, followed by the state Taiso no Rei ceremony.[2]
When the procession entered the funeral hall, the Shinto portion of the funeral began and a black curtain partition was drawn closed. It opened to reveal a centuries-old ceremony. To the accompaniment of chanting, officials approached the altar of the Emperor, holding aloft wooden trays of sea bream, wild birds, kelp, seaweed, mountain potatoes, melons and other delicacies. The foods, as well as silk cloths, were offered to the spirit of the late Emperor.
The chief of ceremony, a childhood classmate and attendant of Emperor Shōwa, then delivered an address, followed by Emperor Akihito.[3]
The funeral continued as the black curtain closed, signalling the end of the Shinto portion of the funeral.[3]
State ceremony
As the curtain parted again, Chief Cabinet Secretary Keizō Obuchi opened the state portion of the funeral. At noon, he called for a minute of silence throughout Japan.[3]
Prime Minister Noboru Takeshita delivered a short eulogy, in which he said that the reign of Emperor Shōwa would be remembered for its eventful and tumultuous times, including the Second World War and the eventual reconstruction of Japan.[2] Speaker of the House of Representatives Kenzaburo Hara, President of the House of Councillors Yoshihiko Tsuchiya and Chief Justice of the Supreme Court Koichi Yaguchi also delivered short eulogies.
Foreign dignitaries approached the altar one at a time to pay their respects.[3]
Ceremony at the Imperial Graveyard
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Showa_Shrine.jpg/220px-Showa_Shrine.jpg)
Following the state ceremony, the Emperor Shōwa's coffin was taken to the Musashi Imperial Graveyard in the Hachiōji district of Tokyo for burial. At Emperor Taishō's funeral in 1927, the trip to the Musashi Imperial Graveyard was carried out as a 3-hour procession, but at the Emperor Shōwa's funeral, the trip was made by motor hearse and cut to 40 minutes.[2] Several hours of ceremonies followed there, until the late emperor was laid to rest at nightfall, the traditional time to bury emperors.[3]
Visitors and guests
An estimated 200,000 people lined the site of the procession – far fewer than the 860,000 that officials had projected.[3] The Emperor Shōwa's funeral was attended by some 10,000 official guests. A total of 163 countries and 27 international organizations sent representatives to the event, including more than seventy world leaders.
In total, there were 53 heads of state, 15 heads of government, 19 deputy heads of state, 17 members of royal families, 43 foreign ministers and other officials present, all of which required placing Tokyo under an unprecedented blanket of security. Because of security concerns for the dignitaries and because of threats from Japanese left-wing extremists to disrupt the funeral, authorities decided to scrap many of the traditional events that normally accompany funerals for Japanese monarchs. Officials also overrode protocol to give US President George H. W. Bush a front-row seat, even though tradition would have put him toward the back, at the fifty fifth seat,[4] because of his short time in office. Bush, who arrived in Tokyo on Thursday afternoon, attended the funeral on Friday afternoon and departed for China on Saturday.[2] Prime Minister Noboru Takeshita held meetings with roughly forty visiting world leaders, in what was described as an act of "funeral diplomacy ".[5]
Japanese officials said it was the biggest funeral in modern Japanese history, and the unprecedented turnout of world leaders was recognition of Japan's emergence as an economic superpower. The Emperor Shōwa was the longest-reigning emperor in Japanese history and the last of the major leaders from World War II. Many also viewed the burial of the emperor as the nation's final break with a militaristic past that plunged much of Asia into war in the 1930s.[2] The late emperor's wife, the Empress Dowager Nagako, did not attend the ceremonies due to a lingering back and leg malady.[2]
The event held a record for the largest gathering of international leaders at that time for a funeral, surpassing that of Josip Broz Tito in 1980. It would stand for the next 16 years until Pope John Paul II's funeral in 2005.
Imperial House
- The Emperor and Empress, the late Emperor's son and daughter-in-law
- The Crown Prince, the late Emperor's grandson
- The Prince Aya, the late Emperor's grandson
- The Princess Nori, the late Emperor's granddaughter
- The Former Princess Yori and Takamasa Ikeda, the late Emperor's daughter and son-in-law
- The Prince and Princess Hitachi, the late Emperor's son and daughter-in-law
- The Former Princess Suga and Hisanaga Shimazu, the late Emperor's daughter and son-in-law
Other descendants of Emperor Taishō:
- The Princess Takamatsu, the late Emperor's sister-in-law
- The Prince and Princess Mikasa, the late Emperor's brother and sister-in-law
- Former Princess Yasuko of Mikasa and Tadateru Konoe, the late Emperor's niece and nephew-in-law
- Prince and Princess Tomohito of Mikasa, the late Emperor's nephew and niece-in-law
- Former Princess Masako of Mikasa and Masayuki Sen, the late Emperor's niece and nephew-in-law
- The Prince and Princess Takamado, the late Emperor's nephew and niece-in-law
Absentees
- The Empress Dowager, the late Emperor's widow
- The Former Princess Taka, the late Emperor's daughter
- The Princess Chichibu, the late Emperor's sister-in-law
- The Prince Katsura, the late Emperor's nephew
Foreign dignitaries
Information as compiled by Kyodo News agency. The list only includes heads of foreign delegations.[6][7][8]
Members of royal houses
Sheikh Ali bin Khalifa Al Khalifa (representing the Emir of Bahrain)
The King and Queen of the Belgians
The King of Bhutan
The Sultan of Brunei
Prince Norodom Ranariddh and Princess Norodom Marie of Cambodia
The Prince Consort of Denmark (representing the Queen of Denmark)
The King of Jordan
The King of Lesotho
The Hereditary Prince and Hereditary Princess of Liechtenstein (representing the Prince of Liechtenstein)
The Grand Duke and Grand Duchess of Luxembourg
The Deputy Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia and Raja Permaisuri Tuanku Bainun (representing the Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia)
The Hereditary Prince of Monaco (representing the Prince of Monaco)
The Crown Prince of Morocco (representing the King of Morocco)
Prince Gyanendra of Nepal (representing the King of Nepal)
The Crown Prince of Norway (representing the King of Norway)
Sayyid Thuwaini bin Shihab Al Said (representing the Sultan of Oman)
Sheikh Ahmed bin Saif Al Thani, State Minister for Foreign Affairs (representing the Emir of Qatar)
Prince Nawwaf bin Abdulaziz Al Saud (representing the King of Saudi Arabia)
The King and Queen of Spain
Prince Sotsha Dlamini, Prime Minister of Swaziland (representing the King of Swaziland)
The King and Queen of Sweden
The Crown Prince of Thailand (representing the King of Thailand)
The King and Queen of Tonga
Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan (representing the President of the United Arab Emirates)
The Duke of Edinburgh (representing the Queen of the United Kingdom)
Heads of state and government
Hussain Muhammad Ershad, President of Bangladesh
José Sarney, President of Brazil
Pierre Buyoya, President of Burundi
George Vassiliou, President of Cyprus
Barkat Gourad Hamadou, Prime Minister of Djibouti
Hosni Mubarak, President of Egypt
Fikre Selassie Wogderess, Prime Minister of Ethiopia
Ratu Sir Penaia Ganilau, President of Fiji
Mauno Koivisto, President of Finland
François Mitterrand, President of France
Sir Dawda Jawara, President of The Gambia
Richard von Weizsäcker, President of West Germany
Jerry Rawlings, Chairman of the Provisional National Defence Council of Ghana
Christos Sartzetakis, President of Greece
João Bernardo Vieira, President of the Council of State of Guinea-Bissau
José Azcona del Hoyo, President of Honduras
Brunó Ferenc Straub, President of the Presidential Council of Hungary
Vigdís Finnbogadóttir, President of Iceland
Ramaswamy Venkataraman, President of India
Suharto, President of Indonesia
Patrick J. Hillery, President of Ireland
Chaim Herzog, President of Israel
Francesco Cossiga, President of Italy
Daniel arap Moi, President of Kenya
Maumoon Abdul Gayoom, President of the Maldives
John Haglelgam, President of Micronesia
Hammer DeRoburt, President of Nauru
Mamane Oumarou, Prime Minister of Niger
Ibrahim Babangida, President of Nigeria
Benazir Bhutto, Prime Minister of Pakistan
Manuel Solís Palma, President of Panama
Corazon Aquino, President of the Philippines
Mário Soares, President of Portugal
Lee Kuan Yew, Prime Minister of Singapore
Gnassingbé Eyadéma, President of Togo
Hédi Baccouche, Prime Minister of Tunisia
Turgut Özal, Prime Minister of Turkey
Samson Kisekka, Prime Minister of Uganda
George H. W. Bush, President of the United States, and First Lady Barbara Bush
Fred Timakata, President of Vanuatu
Malietoa Tanumafili II, O le Ao o le Malo of Western Samoa
Mobutu Sese Seko, President of Zaire
Kenneth Kaunda, President of Zambia
Deputies of heads of state and government
Víctor Hipólito Martínez, Vice President of Argentina
Bill Hayden, Governor-General of Australia
Julio Garrett, Vice President of Bolivia
Petar Tanchev, First Vice President of the State Council of Bulgaria
Jeanne Sauvé, Governor General of Canada
Pavol Hrivnák, First Deputy Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia
José Ramón Fernández, Vice President of the Council of Ministers of Cuba
Carlos Morales Troncoso, Vice President of the Dominican Republic
Georges Rawiri, First Deputy Prime Minister of Gabon
Manfred Gerlach, Vice Chairman of the Council of State of East Germany
Hamilton Green, First Vice President and Prime Minister of Guyana
Mostafa Mir-Salim, Vice President of Iran
Taha Muhie-eldin Marouf, Vice President of Iraq
Teatao Teannaki, Vice President of Kiribati
Kang Young Hoon, Prime Minister of South Korea
Harry Moniba, Vice President of Liberia
Sir Paul Reeves, Governor-General of New Zealand
Sir Kingsford Dibela, Governor-General of Papua New Guinea
Kazimierz Barcikowski, Vice President of the Council of State of Poland
Manea Mănescu, Vice President of the State Council of Romania
Sir George Lepping, Governor-General of Solomon Islands
Anatoly Lukyanov, First Vice Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union
Idis Albanna, Vice President of the Supreme Council of Sudan
Sir Tupua Leupena, Governor-General of Tuvalu
Lê Quang Đạo, Vice President of the State Council and Chairman of the National Assembly of Vietnam
Simon Muzenda, Vice President of Zimbabwe
Joseph Warioba, Prime Minister and First Vice President of Tanzania
Stane Dolanc, Vice President of the Presidency of Yugoslavia
Foreign ministers
Alfonso Van Dunen, Minister of External Relations of Angola
Alois Mock, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Austria
Gaositwe Chiepe, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Botswana
Jean-Marc Palm, Minister of External Relations of Burkina Faso
Silvino da Luz, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Cape Verde
Michel Gbezera Bria, Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Central African Republic
Hernán Felipe Errázuriz , Minister of Foreign Affairs of Chile
Qian Qichen, Minister of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China
Rodrigo Madrigal Nieto, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Costa Rica
Ricardo Acevedo Peralta, Minister of Foreign Affairs of El Salvador
Jean Traoré, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Guinea
Saud Mohammed Osaimi, Minister of State for Foreign Affairs of Kuwait
Phoun Sipaseuth, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Laos
Adrianaribone Jean Bemananjara, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Madagascar
Ċensu Tabone, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Malta
Mohammed Sidina Ould Sidiya, Minister of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation of Mauritania
Hans van den Broek, Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands
Luis María Argaña, Minister of External Affairs of Paraguay
Alberto Ferreira Chong, Secretary General of the Minister of Foreign Affairs of São Tomé and Principe
Ibrahima Fall, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Senegal
Abdul Karim Koroma, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Sierra Leone
René Felber, head of the Federal Department of Foreign Affairs of Switzerland
Luis Barrios Tassano, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Uruguay
Enrique Tejera Paris, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Venezuela
Ambassadors
Justin Papajorgji, Albanian Ambassador to Japan
Atlay Digby Morales, Belizean Ambassador to Mexico
Issa Abbas Ali, Chadian Ambassador to Japan
Cancido Oyono, Equatoguinean Chargé d'affaires to Japan
Samir Khoury, Lebanese Ambassador to Japan
Taher Marwan, Acting Secretary of the Libyan People's Bureau to Japan
Manlio Cadelo, San Marinese Honorary Consul-General in Tokyo
Alexander Waldemar Kuhn, South African Consul-General in Tokyo
Cyril Ramkisoor, Surinamese Ambassador to the Netherlands
Premchand J. Dass, Trinidadian High Commissioner to India
Mohammed Abdul Koddos Alwazir, North Yemeni Ambassador to Japan
Other representatives
Rabah Bitat, Speaker of the National People's Assembly of Algeria
Romain Vilon Guezo, President of the Permanent Committee of the National Revolutionary Assembly of Benin
U Pe Thein, Minister for Health and Education of Burma
Lawrence Sonka Shang, President of the National Assembly of Cameroon
Calorina de Barco, First Lady of Colombia
Salim Ben Ali, former Prime Minister of the Comoros and President of Grande Comore
Gil Barragán , President of the Supreme Court of Ecuador
Claudia Arenas Bianchi, Secretary of Public Relations of the Presidency of Guatemala
Antony Virginie Saint-Pierre, Minister of Information and Coordination of Haiti
Cardinal Silvio Oddi, papal legate of the Holy See
Camille Alliali, Minister of State of Ivory Coast
Maxell Pashane, Minister without Portfolio of Malawi
Oumar Ba, Minister of Justice of Mali
Murlidas Dulloo, Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Natural Resources of Mauritius
Cecilia Occelli, First Lady of Mexico
Lodongiyn Rinchin, Chairman of the People's Great Khural of Mongolia
Jacinto Veloso , Minister of Cooperation of Mozambique
William Hupper Arguello, Minister of Finance of Nicaragua
Nabil Shaath, political adviser for Yasser Arafat of Palestine
Felipe Valdivieso Belaunde, Vice Minister and Secretary General at the Ministry of External Relations of Peru
Jean-Marie Mugeana, Minister of the Interior and Community Development of Rwanda
Allan C. Cruickshank, Minister of Communications and Works of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (representing the Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States)
Jacques Hodoul, Minister of State for Planning of the Seychelles
Mohamed Sheikh Osman, Minister of the Presidency for Economic Affairs of Somalia
J. R. Jayewardene, former President of Sri Lanka
Salim Yasin, Deputy Prime Minister of Syria
Saleh Abdullah Muthannah, Minister of Transport and Communications of South Yemen
Pardons
To mark the funeral, the government pardoned 30,000 people convicted of minor criminal offenses. The pardons also allowed an additional 11 million people to recover such civil rights as the right to vote and run for public office, which they had lost as a punishment for offenses.[2]
Protests
The late emperor's funeral, like the man it honored, was dogged by bitter memories of the past. Many Allied veterans of World War II regarded Emperor Shōwa as a war criminal and called upon their countries to boycott the funeral.[7] Nevertheless, of the 166 foreign states invited to send representatives, all but three accepted.[9] Some Japanese, including a small Christian community, constitutional scholars and opposition politicians, denounced the pomp at the funeral as a return to past exaltation of the emperor and contended that the inclusion of Shinto rites violated Japan's post-war separation of church and state. Some groups, opposed to the Japanese monarchy, also staged small protests.[3]
The Shinto rites, witnessed by official funeral guests and held at the same site as the state-sponsored portion of the funeral, prompted criticism that the Government was violating the constitutional separation of state and religion. This separation is especially important in Japan because Shinto was used as the religious basis for the ultra-nationalism and militaristic expansion of wartime Japan. Some opposition party delegates to the funeral boycotted that part of the ceremony.[3] During the funeral procession in Tokyo, a man stepped into the street as the cortege approached. He was quickly apprehended by police who hustled him away.[2] At 1:55 pm, half an hour before the hearse carrying the late emperor's casket passed by, policemen patrolling the highway leading to the Musashi Imperial Graveyard heard an explosion and found debris scattered along the highway. They quickly cleared away the rubble, and the hearse passed without incident. In total, the police also arrested four people, two for trying to disrupt the procession.[3]
See also
References
- ^ "Hirohito's survivors". Los Angeles Times. 7 January 1989. Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 13 October 2015.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Ronald E. Yates, World Leaders Bid Hirohito Farewell, Chicago Tribune, 24 February 1989 (online) Archived 17 November 2015 at the Wayback Machine, accessed 13 Oct 2015
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Susan Chira, With Pomp and on a Global Stage, Japanese Bury Emperor Hirohito, The New York Times, 24 February 1989 (online) Archived 8 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine, accessed 13 Oct 2015
- ^ Attali, Jacques, 1995, Verbatim, Volume 3, Fayard
- ^ Schoenberger, Karl (24 February 1989). "World Leaders Pay Respects at Hirohito Rites : THE FUNERAL OF EMPEROR HIROHITO". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 14 July 2024.
- ^ "Paying Respects: A Global Roll-Call". The New York Times. 24 February 1989. Archived from the original on 8 April 2022. Retrieved 1 September 2016.
- ^ a b Slavin, Stewart (20 February 1989). "Attending Hirohito funeral a touchy issue". UPI. United Press International. Archived from the original on 2 September 2016. Retrieved 2 September 2016.
- ^ "Mrs. Bush: Forget Japan's War Past". Los Angeles Times. 23 February 1989. Retrieved 14 July 2024.
President Bush and his wife departed for Tokyo to attend Friday's funeral of Emperor Hirohito, who led Japan during World War II. Bush was a Navy fighter pilot during the war.
- ^ Schoenberger, Karl (24 February 1989). "World Leaders Pay Respects at Hirohito Rites". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 15 April 2021.
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