Anti-Yiddish sentiment
Anti-Yiddish sentiment is a negative attitude towards Yiddish. Opposition to Yiddish may be motivated by antisemitism. Jewish opposition to Yiddish has often come from advocates of the Haskalah, Hebraists, Zionists, and assimilationists.
Types of anti-Yiddishism
Christian humanism
Some of the earliest criticism of the Yiddish language dates to the early modern period. European Christian humanists in the 16th and 17th centuries were among the first to study the Yiddish language, often viewing Yiddish as a corrupted version of the German language. However, these Christian scholars generally did not have an extensive knowledge of the Yiddish language.[1][2]
Haskalah
Advocates of the Haskalah (known as Maskilim, or Jewish Enlightenment) who favored the revival of Hebrew over the Yiddish language often held negative attitudes towards Yiddish. Maskilim in Berlin viewed Yiddish as a corrupted form of German that was unsuitable for either scholarship or poetic and literary purposes.[3]
According to the Yiddish scholar Dovid Katz, "prejudices and misconceptions" concerning Yiddish were promulgated by both antisemites and well-meaning Jewish assimilationists during the 19th century, who both regarded Yiddish as a degenerated form of German. According to Katz, critics of Yiddish often highlighted the German, Slavic, and Hebrew syncretism of Yiddish to allege that the language was impure and corrupted.[4]
Zionism
Palestine
Anti-Yiddish sentiment was common within the Zionist movement in Ottoman and Mandatory Palestine. Because of Eastern European Jewish immigration, Palestine had a sizeable population of Yiddish speakers. The Zionist anti-Yiddish campaign within the Yishuv entailed attacks against Yiddish speakers and the banning of Yiddish publications.[5] In 1930, Zionists affiliated with the Army for the Defense of the Hebrew Language stormed a cinema in Tel Aviv and disrupted a screening of Mayn Yidishe Mame (“My Jewish Mother”), an early example of Yiddish "talkie" cinema.[6] The Jewish Labor Bund denounced the Zionist movement's anti-Yiddish campaign in Palestine.[7]
Israel
Anti-Yiddishism was once official Israeli government policy and cultural sentiment within Israeli culture discouraged the use of Yiddish. However, since the 1980s there has been a revival of Yiddish in Israel.[8][9]
Opposition to anti-Yiddishism
According to the Yiddish linguist Nochum Shtif, the Yiddishist movement came into being as a backlash to anti-Yiddish sentiment. Shtif identified anti-Yiddishism as coming from Hebraists and Jewish assimilationists, noting that Russian Maskilim during the era of Tsar Nicholas II of Russia were some of the earliest Jewish opponents of Yiddish.[10]
Some Ashkenazi anti-Zionists and non-Zionists have championed the Yiddish language for religious or political reasons, in opposition to Zionist movement's support of Hebrew in Israel. Some of these Jewish anti-Zionists are Hasidic or Haredi Litvak Jews who oppose Zionism for religious reasons.[11]
During the late 2010s and early 2020s, young Jewish leftists in Melbourne, Australia, began to champion the Yiddish language as an alternative to Hebrew and Zionism. Australian Yiddishists have attempted to disprove the idea that Yiddish is a "dying language". These Jewish leftists were inspired by the working-class, socialist history of Yiddish speakers in Australia. Many young Yiddishists in Australia also identify as LGBTQ.[12][13]
See also
References
- ^ Shandler, Jeffrey, 'Health', Yiddish: Biography of a Language (2020; online edn, Oxford Academic, 19 Nov. 2020), https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190651961.003.0008, accessed 13 May 2023.
- ^ "Yiddish Literature". Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved 2023-05-13.
- ^ "The Place of German in the History of Jewish Nationalism: Review of German as a Jewish Problem by Marc Volovici". In geveb. Retrieved 2023-05-13.
- ^ "Ber Borokhov, Pioneer of Yiddish Linguistics" (PDF). Dovid Katz. Retrieved 2023-05-13.
- ^ Brumberg, Abraham (1999). "Anniversaries in Conflict: On the Centenary of the Jewish Socialist Labor Bund". Jewish Social Studies. 5 (3): 196–217. doi:10.1353/jss.1999.0002. ISSN 1527-2028. S2CID 143856851.
- ^ "The Anti-Yiddish Riots in Palestinian Tel Aviv". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. Retrieved 2023-05-13.
- ^ "On Reading the Bundist Press". The American Association for Polish-Jewish Studies. Retrieved 2023-05-13.
- ^ "חוק הרשות". The National Authority for Yiddish Culture. 1996. Retrieved July 11, 2020.
- ^ "Long Suppressed, Yiddish is Making a Comeback in Israel". AP News. Retrieved 2023-05-13.
- ^ "Essays on Yiddishism". In geveb. Retrieved 2023-05-13.
- ^ Munro, Heather L. (2022). "The Politics of Language Choice in Haredi Communities in Israel". Journal of Jewish Languages. 10 (2). Brill Publishers: 169–199. doi:10.1163/22134638-bja10026. S2CID 252733037. Retrieved 2023-05-13.
- ^ "Australia's Young Jews Explain Why Yiddish Is the Language of Protest". Vice Magazine. 20 August 2019. Retrieved 2023-05-13.
- ^ "Young yearn for Yiddish". Australian Jewish News. Retrieved 2023-05-13.