National symbols of Nigeria

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The national symbols of Nigeria represent the country's identity, heritage, and values, reflecting its cultural diversity and historical journey.[1] These symbols include the national flag, coat of arms, anthem, and pledge, as well as the national flower, animal, currency, etc.[2] The Nigerian flag, designed in 1959 by Michael Taiwo Akinkunmi, features three vertical stripes of green and white, symbolising agriculture and peace, respectively.[3][4] The coat of arms, adopted in 1960, includes a black shield with a wavy white pall, symbolising the meeting of the Niger and Benue Rivers, supported by two white horses representing dignity.[5][6] Above the shield is an eagle, symbolising strength, and beneath it is Nigeria's national motto: "Unity and Faith, Peace and Progress".[5] The national anthem, "Nigeria, We Hail Thee," first adopted in 1960, relinquished in 1978, and then re-adopted in 2024, calls upon Nigerians to stand in brotherhood and serve their motherland.[7] The national pledge, introduced in 1976, serves as an oath of allegiance and commitment to Nigeria's unity and development.[8] The national flower, Costus spectabilis, symbolises beauty and prosperity, while the national animal, the eagle, reflects the country's strength and resilience.[9][2] The Naira, Nigeria's national currency, was introduced in 1973.[10] Through these symbols, Nigeria's government and its people express their collective pride, uphold their cultural values, and reinforce their commitment to national development and cohesion.[11]

List of national and official symbols

National and official symbols of Nigeria
Symbol Name Image Adopted Notes
Official name Federal Republic of Nigeria
(Nijeriya, Naìjíríyà, Nàìjíríà)[12]
Map of Nigeria
Map of Nigeria
 October 1963[13][14] The official name of Nigeria, "Federal Republic of Nigeria," was adopted in 1963 when the country became a republic, three years after gaining independence from the United Kingdom in 1960.[15] The adoption of the name signified Nigeria's transition from a British colony to a fully sovereign state.[16] The term "Federal" reflects Nigeria's structure as a federation of 36 states and the Federal Capital Territory, whereas "Republic" indicates its system of government in which officials are elected and the country is considered a public matter.[17]
National flag Flag of Nigeria
National flag of Nigeria
National flag of Nigeria
 1 October 1960 The national flag of Nigeria was designed in 1959 by Michael Taiwo Akinkunmi, a 23-year-old student, following a nationwide competition.[18] The flag was officially adopted on 1 October 1960, the day Nigeria gained independence from British colonial rule.[3] It features three vertical stripes, with green on the outer bands and white in the middle.[19] The green stripes represent Nigeria's vegetation and its agricultural industry, symbolising the nation's wealth in natural resources. The white stripe stands for peace and unity, reflecting the country's aspiration for harmony among its diverse ethnic groups.[20] The simplicity and symbolism of the flag have made it a powerful emblem of national pride and identity.[21] The flag is prominently displayed during national holidays, official functions, and international events. Since its adoption, the flag has remained unchanged.[22]
National emblem Coat of Arms of Nigeria
Coat of Arms of Nigeria
Coat of Arms of Nigeria
 20 May 1960 The Coat of Arms of Nigeria was officially adopted in 1960, coinciding with the country's independence from British rule. The coat of arms features a black shield with a wavy white pall, symbolising the confluence of the Niger and Benue Rivers at Lokoja. The black shield represents Nigeria's fertile soil, while the wavy white pall signifies the country's rich water resources. Supporting the shield are two white horses, symbolising dignity and strength. At the top of the shield, an eagle is perched, representing strength, while a wreath in the national colours of green and white surrounds it, symbolising Nigeria's rich agricultural heritage.[5][23]

Beneath the shield is Nigeria's national motto: "Unity and Faith, Peace and Progress" (formerly "Peace, Unity, Freedom") which was adopted in 1978.[24][23] The coat of arms also includes a representation of the Costus spectabilis, Nigeria's national flower, which stands for beauty and the lush environment of the country.[23] This emblem is displayed prominently on official documents, government buildings, and currency, serving as a powerful symbol of national identity, unity, and pride for Nigerians.

National motto "Unity and Faith, Peace and Progress"

(formerly "Peace, Unity, Freedom")

National anthem Nigeria, We Hail Thee
Nigeria's national anthem, Nigeria, We Hail Thee
 1960
(Re-adopted on 29 May 2024) 		The national anthem "Nigeria, We Hail Thee" was originally adopted in 1960, the year Nigeria gained independence from British colonial rule.[25] The anthem, composed by Lillian Jean Williams, was re-adopted on 29 May 2024, replacing the more recent "Arise, O Compatriots," which had been in use since 1978.[25] This anthem is performed at official events, national holidays, and significant ceremonies.
National days Independence Day
Nigeria Independence Medal Ribbon
Nigeria Independence Medal Ribbon
 1 October 1960 Independence Day is celebrated annually on 1 October, marking the day Nigeria gained independence from British colonial rule in 1960.[26] The day is observed with various events, including parades, cultural displays, and speeches by political leaders.[27]
Democracy Day
Moshood Kasimawo Olawale
Moshood Kasimawo Olawale
 1999 Democracy Day is celebrated on 12 June to commemorate the restoration of democracy in Nigeria. Initially observed on 29 May to mark the transition from military to civilian rule in 1999, it was moved to 12 June in 2018 to honour the annulled 1993 presidential election won by Moshood Kashimawo Olawale Abiola. Abiola's election was considered a landmark in Nigeria's democratic history, and he himself became a symbol of the struggle for democracy following his detention and death.[28]
Armed Forces Remembrance Day
Nigerian Armed Forces Flag
Nigerian Armed Forces Flag
 1970 Armed Forces Remembrance Day is observed on 15 January each year to honour the service and sacrifice of Nigeria's military personnel. This date marks the end of the Nigerian Civil War in 1970. The day is commemorated with wreath-laying ceremonies at military cemeteries and memorials. The event pays tribute to soldiers who died in various conflicts, including the Nigerian Civil War, peacekeeping missions, and other military operations.[29] In addition to honouring fallen heroes, the day also acknowledges the contributions of living veterans and promotes support for their welfare. Military parades, religious services, and public speeches are also common on this day.[30]
Oath of allegiance National Pledge 1976 The Nigerian National Pledge was authored by Professor (Mrs.) Felicia Adebola Adeyoyin in 1976 and was introduced to instill a sense of patriotism and national pride among citizens.[31] The pledge reads: "I pledge to Nigeria my country. To be faithful, loyal and honest. To serve Nigeria with all my strength. To defend her unity, and uphold her honor and glory. So help me God".[32] The introduction of the pledge followed the creation of the Nigerian national anthem and is recited by students in schools and during official events to reinforce the values of loyalty, honesty, and dedication to the nation.[33]
National currency Nigerian Naira
Nigerian Naira
Nigerian Naira
 1 January 1973 The Nigerian Naira (ISO code: NGN, ₦) became the official currency of Nigeria on 1 January 1973, replacing the Nigerian pound.[34] The currency is issued and regulated by the Central Bank of Nigeria, which was established in 1958.[34] The introduction of the Naira was part of Nigeria's decimalisation process, aligning the currency system with international standards.[35] The Naira is subdivided into 100 Kobo.[36] Over the years, various denominations of banknotes and coins have been issued, with notable changes in design and security features to prevent counterfeiting.[37] The Naira has faced significant devaluation and inflation issues, influenced by economic policies, global oil prices, and political factors.[38] Efforts to stabilise the currency have included various monetary policies and foreign exchange controls by the Central Bank of Nigeria.[39] The Naira symbol, ₦, is derived from the initial letter of Nigeria with a double stroke.
National bird Eagle (Accipitridae)[40][41] Bald Eagle (Accipitridae), Nigeria's national animal and bird N/A The eagle is recognised as both the national bird and the national animal of Nigeria and is prominently featured on the Nigerian Coat of Arms.[41][20] The eagle symbolises strength, pride, and dignity,[2] and its depiction on the coat of arms is standing on a wreath, which is coloured in the national colours of green and white.[42]
National animal
National flower Yellow Trumpet (Costus Spectabili)[43][9] Costus Spectabilis, Nigeria's national flower N/A The Costus spectabilis, also known as the Yellow Trumpet, is the national flower of Nigeria.[9] This flower is native to tropical Africa and is found abundantly in Nigeria's forests and on its riverbanks.[44] The flower is also featured on the Nigerian Coat of Arms.[9]

References

Citations

  1. ^ Martins 2019, p. 295.
  2. ^ a b c Wangare, Jackline; Simwa, Andriana (30 August 2022). "11 national symbols of Nigeria and their meanings explained". Legit.ng – Nigeria news. Archived from the original on 19 July 2024. Retrieved 13 July 2024.
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  4. ^ "Who designed the Nigerian flag?". Nigerian Embassy in Tel-Aviv, Israel. 21 April 2019. Archived from the original on 19 July 2024. Retrieved 13 July 2024.
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  7. ^ Abubakar, Mansur (29 May 2024). "Nigeria's new-old national anthem sparks outrage after it is signed by Bola Tinubu". BBC Home. Archived from the original on 25 June 2024. Retrieved 13 July 2024.
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  10. ^ "Central Bank of Nigeria:: History of The Currency". Central Bank of Nigeria. 11 February 1977. Archived from the original on 10 January 2021. Retrieved 13 July 2024.
  11. ^ Martins 2019, pp. 303–304.
  12. ^ "Model UN". IMUNA. 1 October 1960. Archived from the original on 19 July 2024. Retrieved 13 July 2024.
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  23. ^ a b c "Nigeria's Coat of Arms". Google Arts & Culture. Archived from the original on 19 July 2024. Retrieved 13 July 2024.
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  27. ^ Adamu Usman Garko (8 September 2020). "Rethinking Nigerian Independence Day: A Call for Progress". Applied Worldwide. Archived from the original on 19 July 2024. Retrieved 18 July 2024.
  28. ^ "History of June 12 in Nigeria, how MKO Abiola become symbol of democracy and why e dey important to di Yoruba pipo". BBC News Pidgin. 12 June 2022. Archived from the original on 19 July 2024. Retrieved 18 July 2024.
  29. ^ "Armed Forces Remembrance Day 2022 highlight: January 15 in Nigeria history". BBC News Pidgin. 15 January 2022. Archived from the original on 19 July 2024. Retrieved 18 July 2024.
  30. ^ "Honouring The Sacrifices Of Our Armed Forces". Leadership News. 15 January 2024. Archived from the original on 19 July 2024. Retrieved 18 July 2024.
  31. ^ Ekpe, Philips (6 October 2023). "'And uphold her honour and glory'". TheCable. Archived from the original on 19 July 2024. Retrieved 18 July 2024.
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  33. ^ Oyeneye, Olatunji Y.; Oyesiku, O. O.; Edewor, P. A. (1993). Nigerian Culture and Citizenship Education (PDF). Maokus Publishers. p. 178. ISBN 978-978-32169-0-7. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 July 2024. Retrieved 18 July 2024 – via Covenant University.
  34. ^ a b Mitchell, Cory (30 June 2008). "Nigerian Naira (NGN): Definition, History, Forex Example". Investopedia. Archived from the original on 19 July 2024. Retrieved 18 July 2024.
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  39. ^ ":: Central Bank of Nigeria : The Conduct of Monetary Policy". Central Bank of Nigeria. 18 September 2008. Archived from the original on 19 July 2024. Retrieved 18 July 2024.
  40. ^ "National animal of Nigeria – Eagle | Symbol Hunt". symbolhunt.com. 28 December 2020. Archived from the original on 19 July 2024. Retrieved 10 January 2023.
  41. ^ a b Tadaferua Ujorha (3 February 2018). "Crowned Crane: The sad story of Nigeria's 'national' bird". Archived from the original on 4 April 2023.
  42. ^ "Fact Sheet". CRW Flags Inc. Store in Glen Burnie, Maryland. 5 July 2014. Archived from the original on 19 July 2024. Retrieved 18 July 2024.
  43. ^ "Spirit of the land: Spectacular Costus Spectabilis". The Guardian Nigeria News – Nigeria and World News. 28 September 2019. Archived from the original on 10 January 2023. Retrieved 10 January 2023.
  44. ^ "Costus spectabilis (Fenzl) K.Schum". Plants of the World Online. 1 January 2014. Archived from the original on 19 July 2024. Retrieved 18 July 2024.

Bibliography

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