List of witnesses to the International Military Tribunal
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During the International Military Tribunal, 37 witnesses testified for the prosecution. [1] 80 witnesses testified for the defense, including 19 of the defendants. An additional 143 witnesses gave evidence for the defense by written answers to interrogatories.[2]
Prosecution witnesses
 |
| Name | Date | Role | Called by | Testified about | Relevant to defendants |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Erwin Lahousen | 30 November | Abwehr general and 20 July plotter | United States | Conspiracy to commit crimes against peace | Ribbentrop, Keitel, and others[3] |
| Otto Ohlendorf | 3 January[4] | Einsatzgruppen commander | United States | The murder of 80,000 people by those under his command[5][6] | SS, High Command, and the SD[4] |
| Dieter Wisliceny | 3 January | Eichmann's subordinate | United States | [7] | |
| Walter Schellenberg | 4 January | SS intelligence officer | United States | Einsatzgruppen | [7] |
| Alois Hollriege | 4 January | Mauthausen guard | United States | murder of prisoners | von Schirach and Kaltenbrunner[8] |
| Erich von dem Bach-Zelewski | 7 January[9] | SS general | United States | German anti-partisan warfare, related killings of civilians[5][6] | High Command of the Wehrmacht[9] |
| Franz Blaha | 11 January | Czech doctor and survivor of Dachau concentration camp | United States | Nazi human experimentation[10] | |
| Maurice Lampe | 25 January | French resistance member, survivor of Mauthausen concentration camp | France | [11] | |
| Marie-Claude Vaillant-Couturier | 28 January | French resistance member | France | what she had seen during the three years she spent in Auschwitz concentration camp[12][13] | |
| Francisco Boix | 28 January | Spanish photographer, survivor of Mauthausen concentration camp | France[14] | Albert Speer's visit to Mauthausen, among other things | Speer[15] |
| Hans Cappelen | 28 January | Norwegian lawyer, concentration camp survivor | France | [16] | |
| Leo van der Essen | 4 February[17] | librarian of the Catholic University of Leuven (Belgium) | France | destruction of the library during both world wars[18] | |
| Friedrich von Paulus | 11 February | German field marshal in command at the Battle of Stalingrad | Soviet Union | Crimes against peace[19] | Keitel, Jodl, and Göring were most responsible for the war[20] |
| Erich Buschenhagen | 12 February | German general | Soviet Union | Finland and Germany conspiring to invade the Soviet Union[21] | |
| Joseph Orbeli | 22 February | Soviet Armenian scholar | Soviet Union | siege of Leningrad, damage to Winter Palace[22] | |
| Jacob Grigorev | 26 February | peasant from Pskov (Russia) | Soviet Union | village attacked "for no reason" in October 1943[23] | |
| Eugene Kivelisha | 26 February | Red Army doctor | Soviet Union | German mistreatment of Soviet prisoners of war[24] | |
| Abraham Sutzkever | 27 February | Yiddish poet from Vilna (Lithuania) | Soviet Union | Vilna Ghetto, Ponary massacre[25][26] | None[25] |
| Seweryna Szmaglewska | 27 February | Polish Auschwitz survivor | Soviet Union | abuse of children[27] | [28] |
| Samuel Rajzman | 27 February | Treblinka survivor | Soviet Union[25][29] | Treblinka extermination camp[27] | None[25] |
| Nikolai Lomakin | 27 February | Russian Orthodox metropolitan | Soviet Union | Siege of Leningrad[30] |
Defense witnesses
- Witnesses gave testimonies for one or more of the seven government organizations and/or one or more of the 24 leaders of Nazi Germany
| Name | Date | Role | Called by | Testified about | Relevant to defendants |
| Adolf Heusinger | Chief of the Operations Section of the High Command of the Army from 1940 to 1944. | General Staff and High Command | General Staff and High Command | ||
| Albert Hoffmann | Gauleiter of Southern Westphalia 1943-1945 | Gauleiters (Political Leaders) | Corps of Political Leaders | ||
| Albert Kesselring | Commander-in-Chief West (end of war) | General Staff and High Command | General Staff and High Command | ||
| Albert Speer | Minister of Armaments and War Production | Albert Speer | |||
| Alfred Helmut Naujocks | Carried out attack on Gleiwitz Broadcasting Station in 1939 | SD | SD | ||
| Alfred Jodl | Chief of Operations of Armed Forces High Command | Alfred Jodl | |||
| Anton Schueller | NSV (Welfare) | Gau and Kreis Staffs and organizations affiliated to the NSDAP | Corps of Political Leaders | ||
| Arthur Seyss-Inquart | Reich Commisioner for Occupied Netherlands | Arthur Seyss | |||
| Baldur von Schirach | Youth Leader of Nazi Party | Baldur von Schitach | |||
| Bruno Biedermann | Gaupersonalamtsleiter (personnel) | Gau and Kreis Staffs and organizations affiliated to the NSDAP | Corps of Political Leaders | ||
| Dieter Wislicency | Jewish Committee of the Eichmann Department | Department of Eichmann | SS | ||
| Dr. Alfred Hoengen | Worked in SD concerning law and administration | SD | SD | ||
| Dr. Brausse | Court Martial Officer (SS Judge) | Waffen-SS | SS | ||
| Emmerich David | Vicar of the Diocese of Cologne | SA didn't eliminate forces via terror, suppress trade unions, spread propaganda, encourage persecution of the Church, nor conspire in plans of aggressive war | SA | ||
| Ernst Geier | President of Nuremberg Branch of the State Railways and former Hauptsturmfuehrer | SA didn't eliminate forces via terror, suppress trade unions, spread propaganda, encourage persecution of the Church, nor conspire in plans of aggressive war | SA | ||
| Dr. Frinhart Rathcke | Konsistorialrat of the Evangelical Church | SA didn't eliminate forces via terror, suppress trade unions, spread propaganda, encourage persecution of the Church, nor conspire in plans of aggressive war | SA | ||
| Dr. Gottfried Boley | Ministerialrat in the Reich Chancellery in Berlin | SA didn't eliminate forces via terror, suppress trade unions, spread propaganda, encourage persecution of the Church, nor conspire in plans of aggressive war | SA | ||
| Dr. Hans Ehlich | Chief of Section II B of Amt 3 of RSHA (population and racial questions) | SD | SD | ||
| Dr. Hans Roessner | in Group II C of Amt 3 of RSHA (science, education, religion) | SD | SD | ||
| Dr. Heinz Joachim Graf | Chief of the Interpreting and Interrogation Section | Waffen-SS | SS | ||
| Dr. Helmut Knochen | Chief of SP and SD in France 1942-1944 | SD | SD | ||
| Dr. Kurt Wolf | Lawyer | SA didn't eliminate forces via terror, suppress trade unions, spread propaganda, encourage persecution of the Church, nor conspire in plans of aggressive war | SA | ||
| Dr. Norbert Pohl | Senior Assault Unit Leader | SS Main Offices | SS | ||
| Dr. Peter Liebrich | Medical Officer in Allgemeine SS and Waffen-SS | Waffen-SS | SS | ||
| Werner Best | Ministerial Dierector of the Security Police in Reich Ministry of the Interior and Reich Plenipotentiary in Denmark | Gestapo | Gestapo | ||
| Eberhard Hinderfeld | Legal adviser to SS disciplinary court in Munic | Allgemeine SS | SS | ||
| Eberhard von Thadden | Councillor in the German Foreign Office | Department of Eichmann | SS | ||
| Eduard Kuehl | Kreisleiter in Hanover 1943-1945 | Kreisleiters | Corps of Political Leaders | ||
| Edward Willy Meyer Wendeborn | Kreisleiter in Kloppenburg 1934-1945 | Kreisleiters | Corps of Political Leaders | ||
| Else Paul | Reichsfrauenschaft (women) | Gau and Kreis Staffs and organizations affiliated to the NSDAP | Corps of Political Leaders | ||
| Eric von Manstein | Commanded the 11th Army in 1942 | General Staff and High Command | General Staff and High Command | ||
| Erich Raeder | Grand Admiral, Commander in Chief of Navy | Erich Raeder | |||
| Erna Westernacher | Frauenschaftsleiterin (women) | Gau and Kreis Staffs and organizations affiliated to the NSDAP | Corps of Political Leaders | ||
| Ernst Hirt | Blockleiter in Nurnberg 1942-1945 | Block and Zellen Leiters | Corps of Political Leaders | ||
| Ernst Kaltenbrunner | Senior SS, head of Reich Main Security | Ernst Kaltenbrunner | |||
| Ewald Schleicker | Kreisleiter in Coblentz 1937-1945 | Kreisleiters | Corps of Political Leaders | ||
| Feliz Schieblich | Volunteer | Waffen-SS | SS | ||
| Frans von Papen | Vice-Chancellor of Germany | Frans von Papen | |||
| Franz Bock | SA Obergruppenfuehrer in Dusseldorf | SA didn't eliminate forces via terror, suppress trade unions, spread propaganda, encourage persecution of the Church, nor conspire in plans of aggressive war | SA | ||
| Franz Halder | Chief of the General Staff of the Army | General Staff and High Command | General Staff and High Command | ||
| Franz Straub | Commander of the Security Police in Belgium 1940-1943 | Gestapo | Gestapo | ||
| Friedrich Habenicht | SA Brigade Leader in Wuppertal and President of Police | SA didn't eliminate forces via terror, suppress trade unions, spread propaganda, encourage persecution of the Church, nor conspire in plans of aggressive war | SA | ||
| Friedrich Karl Freiherr von Eberstein | Oberabsdinittsfuehrer in Dresden and Chief of Police in Bavaria from 1937 to 1945 | Allgemeine SS | SS | ||
| Friedrich Klaehn | Chief of Amt "Schrift" (Publications Department) | SA didn't eliminate forces via terror, suppress trade unions, spread propaganda, encourage persecution of the Church, nor conspire in plans of aggressive war | SA | ||
| Fritz Sauckel | Plenipotenkary General of Utilization of Labour | Fritz Sauckel | |||
| Gerd von Rundstedt | Field Marshal of Heer and Wehrmacht | General Staff and High Command | General Staff and High Command | ||
| Graf von Roedern | Auslandsorganisation | Gau and Kreis Staffs and organizations affiliated to the NSDAP | Corps of Political Leaders | ||
| Guenther Joel | Reich Ministry of Justice and atorney general of Westphalia | Gestapo (closing of unauthorized concentration camps belonging to the SS/SA) and Action Zeppelin | Gestapo | ||
| Hans Bernd Gisevius | 26 April 1946 | German resistance and Abwehr official | Dr. Otto Pannenbecker | State of the police authority in Germany | Wilhelm Strick |
| Hans Frank | Govenor-General of occupied Poland | Hans Frank | |||
| Hans Juettner | SS Senior Group Leader of the Main Headquarters of the Waffen-SS. | Deaths Heads Units and the SS Verfuegungstruppe | SS | ||
| Hans Oberlindober | President of the National Socialist War Veterans Associations (Frontkaemphferbundes). | SA didn't eliminate forces via terror, suppress trade unions, spread propaganda, encourage persecution of the Church, nor conspire in plans of aggressive war | SA | ||
| Hans Reinhardt | Commanded the Third Panzer Army and Army Group Center until January 1945. | General Staff and High Command | General Staff and High Command | ||
| Hans Roettinger | Chief of the 4th Army of the Central Army Group | General Staff and High Command | General Staff and High Command | ||
| Hans Schneider | Zellenleiter in Augsburg 1936-1942 | Block and Zellen Leiters | Corps of Political Leaders | ||
| Hans Tesmer | Attorney of the Gestapo in Berlin 1936-1945 | Gestapo (compulsory character of membership and status of administrative personnel) | Gestapo | ||
| Hans Wegsheider | Ortsgruppenleiter in Allgau 1933-1945 | Ortsgruppenleiter | Corps of Political Leaders | ||
| Heinrich Vitzdmann | Chief of Police and Gestapo in Konigsberg and Police President | Gestapo (closing of unauthorized concentration camps belonging to the SS/SA) and Action Zeppelin | Gestapo | ||
| Helmuth Kluck | Public Health Officer and Senator in Danzig | Allgemeine SS | SS | ||
| Herman Goering | Founder of Gestapo | Herman Goering | |||
| Hjalmar Schacht | Economist, President of Reichsbank | Hjalmar Schacht | |||
| Joachim Ruoff | Colonel in the Main Headquarters of the Waffen-SS | Waffen-SS | SS | ||
| Joachim von Ribbentrop | Foreign Minister of Nazi Germany | Joachim von Ribbentrop | |||
| Johann Hedel | Technical Information Bureau of Gestapo in Munich | Gestapo (compulsory character of membership and status of administrative personnel) | Gestapo | ||
| Johann Mohr | Agrarpolitisches Amt (Agriculture) | Gau and Kreis Staffs and organizations affiliated to the NSDAP | Corps of Political Leaders | ||
| Johannes Zupke | Personnel Department of the Order Police | SS Regiments | SS | ||
| Julius Streicher | Author of "Der Struemen" and other anti-semetic publishings | Julius Streicher | |||
| Karl Chudoba | Student Organizations | Gau and Kreis Staffs and organizations affiliated to the NSDAP | Corps of Political Leaders | ||
| Karl Doenitz | Commander of Navy, Hitler's successor | Karl Doenitz | |||
| Karl Engelbert | Kreiswirtschaftsberater (Kreis economic adviser) | Gau and Kreis Staffs and organizations affiliated to the NSDAP | Corps of Political Leaders | ||
| Karl Guenther Molk | Senior Assault Unit Leader of SS (Junker) Training School | Waffen-SS | SS | ||
| Karl Hans Joehnk | Member of the Leibstandarte Adolf Hitler | Allgemeine SS | SS | ||
| Karl Heinz Hoffmann | Chief of Amt IV of the Security Police in Denmark | Gestapo | Gestapo | ||
| Karl Otto Kurt Kaufmann | Gauleiter of Hamburg 1928-1945 | Gauleiters (Political Leaders) | Corps of Political Leaders | ||
| Karl Otto von Der Borch | Provincial Riding Leader in the Ostmark | NS Reiterkorps (Riding Units) | SA | ||
| Karl Ullrich | Commander of the SS Panzer Division Viking | Waffen-SS | SS | ||
| Karl Wahl | Gauleiter in Schwaben (Bavaria) 1928-1945 | Gauleiters (Political Leaders) | Corps of Political Leaders | ||
| Kavallerie Siegfried Westphal | Chief of Staff in Italy from 1943 to 1944 | General Staff and High Command | General Staff and High Command | ||
| Konstantin von Neurath | Reichsmaster of Foreign Minister, Protector of Morovia and Bohemia | ` | Konstantin von Neurath | ||
| Louis Franz Schlegelberger | Under Secretary in the Ministry of Justice | Cabinet meetings and functions of the Fuehrer | Reich Cabinet | ||
| Ludwig Grauert | State Secretary of Prussia | Allgemeine SS | SS | ||
| Ludwig Oldach | Chief of Gestapo in Mecklenburg District 1933-1945 | Gestapo | Gestapo | ||
| Martin Hauffe | Chief of Administration in Sigmaningen, and Landesfuehrer (Provincial Leader) of the Stahlhelm | Stahlhelm | SA | ||
| Max Juettner | SA Obergruppenfuehrer, Permanent Deputy of the Chief of Staff of the SA. | SA didn't eliminate forces via terror, suppress trade unions, spread propaganda, encourage persecution of the Church, nor conspire in plans of aggressive war | SA | ||
| Otto Freiherr von Waldenfels | Landesfuehrer (Provincial Leader) in Bavaria | Stahlhelm | SA | ||
| Otto Somann | Chief of Security Police in Wiesbaden | Gestapo (compulsory character of membership and status of administrative personnel) | Gestapo | ||
| Paul Hausser | Commanding Army Group G on the Western Front | Deaths Heads Units, SS Verfuegungstruppe, and the Waffen-SS | SS | ||
| Paul Koppe | Office of "Community Policy" (Local Government Affairs) | Gau and Kreis Staffs and organizations affiliated to the NSDAP | Corps of Political Leaders | ||
| Paul Wolf | Zellenleiter in Saarbruecken 1941-1945 | Block and Zellen Leiters | Corps of Political Leaders | ||
| Richard Mueller | Central Administration of the Party (The Treasury) | Gau and Kreis Staffs and organizations affiliated to the NSDAP | Corps of Political Leaders | ||
| Richard Walle | Obertruppfuehrer in Westphalia | NS Reiterkorps (Riding Units) | SA | ||
| Ritter von Leeb | Commander-in-Chief Army Group North on the Russian Front in 1941 | General Staff and High Command | General Staff and High Command | ||
| Robert Brill | Deputy Chief of Recruiting Section of the Waffen-SS Main Office | Waffen-SS | SS | ||
| Rolf-Heinz Höppner | Incharge of Amt 3 A of the RSHA | SD | SD | ||
| Rudolf Hess | Deputy Fuhrer | Rudolf Hess | |||
| Rudolf Hoess | Commandant of Auschwitz concentration camp | Dr. Kauffmann | Atrocities at Auschwitz and destruction of European Jewry | Kaltenbrunner | |
| Rudolf Kuehn | Blockleiter in Berlin 1935-1945 | Block and Zellen Leiters | Corps of Political Leaders | ||
| Ruediger von Woikowski-Biedau | Inspectorate of Riding in the SS Main Office. | Riding Units (SS) | SS | ||
| Theo Gruss | Paymaster of the Stahlhelm | Stahlhelm | SA | ||
| Theo Hupfauer | DAF (German labor front) | Gau and Kreis Staffs and organizations affiliated to the NSDAP | Corps of Political Leaders | ||
| Theodore Busse | Commanded a Corps in July 1944 and was later appointed to Command the 9th Army. | General Staff and High Command | General Staff and High Command | ||
| Theophil Burgstahler | Clergyman | SA didn't eliminate forces via terror, suppress trade unions, spread propaganda, encourage persecution of the Church, nor conspire in plans of aggressive war | SA | ||
| Walter Albath | Chief of Gestapo in Konigsberg 1941-1943 and Inspector of the Security Police and SD in Wehrkreis | Gestapo | Gestapo | ||
| Walter Blume | Recruiting Section of the Waffen-SS Main Office | Waffen-SS | SS | ||
| Walter Schellenberg | Chief of Section E of Amt IV of the RSHA | General Staff and High Command | General Staff and High Command | ||
| Walter von Brauchitsch | Commander-in-Chief of the Army until 1941. | General Staff and High Command | General Staff and High Command | ||
| Walther Funk | Minister of Economics, President of Reichsbank | Walther Funk | |||
| Werner Grothmann | Adjutant to Himmler 1940 to 1945. | Waffen-SS | SS | ||
| Werner Schaeffer | Commandant of Oranienburg 1933-1934 | SA didn't eliminate forces via terror, suppress trade unions, spread propaganda, encourage persecution of the Church, nor conspire in plans of aggressive war | SA | ||
| Wilhel Keitel | Chief of Armed Forces High Command | Wilhel Keitel | |||
| Wilhelm Frick | Minister of Interior, Reich Protector of Moravia and Bohemia | Wilhelm Frick | |||
| Wilhelm Gruenwald | representative of the Inspector of Security Police and SD in Braunschweig | Gestapo (their closing of unauthorized concentration camps belonging to the SS and SA) and Action Zeppelin | Gestapo | ||
| Wilhelm Johann Kirchbaum | Chief of the Military Police in Obersalzberg 1940-1945 | Gestapo (compulsory character of membership and status of administrative personnel) | Gestapo | ||
| Wilhelm List | Commanded an Army in France, Poland and Greece until 1942 | General Staff and High Command | General Staff and High Command | ||
| Wolfram Sievers | Part of the Ahnenerbe | SS Main Offices | SS |
References
- ^ Priemel 2016, p. 105.
- ^ International Military Tribunal (Nuremberg) Judgement of 1 October 1946. 1 October 1946. p. 13.
- ^ Hirsch 2020, p. 130.
- ^ a b Hirsch 2020, p. 193.
- ^ a b Douglas 2001, pp. 69–70.
- ^ a b Priemel 2016, pp. 118–119.
- ^ a b Hirsch 2020, p. 194.
- ^ Hirsch 2020, pp. 194–195.
- ^ a b Hirsch 2020, p. 199.
- ^ Hirsch 2020, p. 201.
- ^ Hirsch 2020, pp. 207–208.
- ^ Hirsch 2020, p. 208.
- ^ Douglas 2001, p. 70.
- ^ Hirsch 2020, pp. 208–209.
- ^ Pike 2003, p. 340, fn 40.
- ^ Hirsch 2020, pp. 209–210.
- ^ "Prof. Leo van der Essen at Nuremberg Trial - Collections Search - United States Holocaust Memorial Museum". collections.ushmm.org. Retrieved 11 June 2023.
- ^ Priemel 2016, p. 115.
- ^ Hirsch 2020, pp. 221–222.
- ^ Hirsch 2020, p. 223.
- ^ Hirsch 2020, p. 224.
- ^ Hirsch 2020, p. 233.
- ^ Hirsch 2020, p. 236.
- ^ Hirsch 2020, pp. 236–237.
- ^ a b c d Priemel 2016, p. 119.
- ^ Hirsch 2020, p. 237.
- ^ a b Finder, Gabriel N.; Prusin, Alexander V. (2018-01-01). Justice Behind the Iron Curtain: Nazis on Trial in Communist Poland. University of Toronto Press. pp. 76–79. ISBN 978-1-4875-2268-1.
- ^ Hirsch 2020, pp. 238–239.
- ^ Hirsch 2020, p. 239.
- ^ Hirsch 2020, pp. 159–160, 239–240.
Works cited
- Douglas, Lawrence (2001). The Memory of Judgment: Making Law and History in the Trials of the Holocaust. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-10984-9.
- Hirsch, Francine (2020). Soviet Judgment at Nuremberg: A New History of the International Military Tribunal after World War II. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-937795-4.
- Pike, David Wingeate (2003). Spaniards in the Holocaust: Mauthausen, Horror on the Danube. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-58713-1.
- Priemel, Kim Christian (2016). The Betrayal: The Nuremberg Trials and German Divergence. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-256374-3.
- Neave, Airey (1946). Colonel Neave Report: Final Report on the Evidence of Witnesses for the Defense of Organizations Alleged to be Criminal, Nuremberg Trial Proceedings Volume 42[1]
- Tusa, Ann; Tusa, John (2010) [1983]. The Nuremberg Trial. Skyhorse Publishing. ISBN 978-1-62087-943-6.
- ^ "The Avalon Project : Nuremberg Trial Proceedings Volume 42". avalon.law.yale.edu. Retrieved 2024-06-23.