Video:Tularemia
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Description
Tularemia, also known as rabbit fever,[1] is a bacterial infection in humans and some animals.[2] Symptoms may include fever, skin ulcers, and enlarged lymph nodes.[3] Occasionally, a form that results in pneumonia or a throat infection may occur.[3]Prevention is done by using insect repellent, wearing long pants, rapidly removing ticks, and not disturbing dead animals.[4] Treatment is typically with the antibiotic streptomycin.[5] Gentamicin, doxycycline, or ciprofloxacin may also be used.[6]

Presentation 1
Depending on the site of infection, as tularemia has six characteristic variants, each variant presents with different symptoms and requires specific medical attention; hence Ulceroglandular disease presents with cutaneous ulcerations and lymphadenopathy.[7] [8][9]

Presentation 2
Glandular disease that presents with marked lymphadenopathy.[9]
Presentation 3
Respiratory disease that manifests as pneumonia or pleuritis.[9]

Presentation 4
We find that G.I. disease manifests with vomiting, abdominal discomfort, and diarrhea.[9]

Presentation 5
Typhoid tularemia presents as a febrile illness without any early symptoms.[9]

Complications
As to complications we find the affected individual may have the following: ARDS, renal failure, meningitis, lung abscess and peritonitis.[9]

Cause
Tularemia is caused by the bacteria Francisella tularensis which is a pathogenic species of Gram-negative coccobacillus, an aerobic bacterium.[2]

Transmission
The most common way the disease is spread is via arthropod vectors. Ticks involved include Amblyomma, Dermacentor, Haemaphysalis, and Ixodes.[10] Rodents, rabbits, and hares often serve as reservoir hosts,[11] however waterborne infection accounts for 5 to 10 percent of all tularemia in the United States.[12] Tularemia can also be transmitted by biting flies, particularly the deer fly Chrysops discalis. Individual flies can remain infectious for 14 days and ticks for over two years. [13][14]

Diagnosis
In terms of evaluation we find that F. tularensis can be cultured (blood, spinal fluid, lymphatic tissue) to give a diagnosis.[9]In lymph node biopsies, the typical histopathologic pattern is characterized by geographic areas of necrosis with neutrophils and necrotizing granulomas. The pattern is non specific and similar to other infectious lymphadenopathies.[15]

Differential diagnosis
The differential diagnosis of Tularemia in an infected individual is as follows: endocarditis( bacterial or fungal), Chlamydial infections, Lyme disease, Malaria and Q-fever.[9]

Treatment
In terms of treatment for an individual presenting with Tularemia we find that if infection occurs or is suspected, treatment is generally with the antibiotic gentamicin.[16] [17]
Prognosis
Since the invention of antibiotics, the rate of death associated with tularemia has decreased from 60 percent to less than 4 percent.[16]

Epidemiology
Tularemia is most common in the Northern Hemisphere, including North America and parts of Europe and Asia.[16] It occurs between 30 (degrees) and 71 (degrees) north latitude.[16]

History
The tularemia bacterium was first isolated by G.W. McCoy of the United States Public Health Service plague lab and reported in 1912.[18][19]Scientists determined tularemia could be dangerous to humans; a human being may catch the infection after contacting an infected animal. The ailment soon became associated with hunters, cooks and agricultural workers.[20]

References
- ↑ "Tularemia (Concept Id: C0041351) - MedGen - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 22 November 2024.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Tularemia". CDC.gov. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 15 May 2024. Archived from the original on 23 August 2024. Retrieved 22 August 2024.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Signs and Symptoms Tularemia". CDC. October 2015. Archived from the original on 8 November 2017. Retrieved 8 November 2017.
- ↑ "Prevention Tularemia". www.cdc.gov. October 2015. Archived from the original on 9 December 2017. Retrieved 8 November 2017.
- ↑ "Clinicians | Tularemia | CDC". web.archive.org. 8 November 2017. Retrieved 29 November 2024.
- ↑ "Diagnosis and Treatment | Tularemia | CDC". web.archive.org. 8 November 2017. Retrieved 29 November 2024.
- ↑ Nemade, Sanjana Vijay; Shinde, Kiran Jaywant (2021). "Tularemia". Granulomatous diseases in Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck. Springer. pp. 95–100. doi:10.1007/978-981-16-4047-6_11. ISBN 978-981-16-4047-6.
- ↑ Plourde PJ, Embree J, Friesen F, Lindsay G, Williams T; Embree; Friesen; Lindsay; Williams (June 1992). "Glandular tularemia with typhoidal features in a Manitoba child". CMAJ. 146 (11): 1953–5. PMC 1490377. PMID 1596844.
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: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 9.7 Snowden, Jessica; Simonsen, Kari A. (2024). "Tularemia". StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing.
- ↑ George W. Beran; James H. Steele (22 October 1994). Handbook of Zoonoses: Bacterial, rickettsial, chlamydial, and mycotic. CRC Press. pp. 117–. ISBN 978-0-8493-3205-0. Retrieved 28 October 2010.
- ↑ Mörner T (December 1992). "The ecology of tularaemia". Rev. Sci. Tech. 11 (4): 1123–30. doi:10.20506/rst.11.4.657. PMID 1305858.
- ↑ Jellison WL, Owen C, Bell JF, Kohls GM (1961). "Tularemia and animal populations". Wildl Dis. 17: 1–22.
- ↑ "Tularemia Transmission". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. October 26, 2015. Archived from the original on 2017-12-09. Retrieved 2017-10-06.
- ↑ "How Tularemia Spreads". Tularemia. 17 May 2024. Archived from the original on 2 November 2024. Retrieved 23 November 2024.
- ↑ Rosado FG, Stratton CW, Mosse CA Clinicopathologic correlation of epidemiologic and histopathologic features of pediatric bacterial lymphadenitis. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2011 Nov;135(11):1490-3. http://www.archivesofpathology.org/doi/pdf/10.5858/arpa.2010-0581-OA
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 Penn, R.L. (2014). Francisella tularensis (Tularemia) In J. E. Bennett, R. Dolin, & M. J. Blaser (Eds.), Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases (8th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone. pp. 2590–2602. ISBN 978-1-4557-4801-3.
- ↑ Hepburn, MJ; Simpson, AJ (April 2008). "Tularemia: current diagnosis and treatment options" (PDF). Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy. 6 (2): 231–40. doi:10.1586/14787210.6.2.231. PMID 18380605. S2CID 9036831. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-12-19. Retrieved 2013-06-30.
- ↑ Tärnvik, A.; Berglund, L. (February 2003). "A. Tärnvik1 and L. Berglund, Tularaemia. Eur Respir J 2003; 21:361-373". European Respiratory Journal. 21 (2): 361–373. doi:10.1183/09031936.03.00088903. PMID 12608453. Archived from the original on 2010-03-26. Retrieved 2009-11-27.
- ↑ McCoy GW, Chapin CW. Bacterium tularense, the cause of a plaguelike disease of rodents. Public Health Bull 1912;53:17–23.
- ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2007-06-13. Retrieved 2007-06-04.
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: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)