Video:Trench fever
| Trench fever (Tutorial) | |
|---|---|
| Commons / NC | |
 | |
| Steps for video creation | |
| Step 1 | Preview my changes (10 sec) |
| Step 2 | Upload to Commons (10 min) |
Description
Trench fever is a moderately serious disease transmitted by body lice. It infected armies in Flanders, France, Poland, Galicia, Italy, Salonika, Macedonia, Mesopotamia, Russia and Egypt in World War I.[1][2] The disease persists among the homeless.[3] Outbreaks have been documented, for example, in Seattle[4] and Baltimore in the United States (among injection drug users)[5], as well as in Marseille, France,[4] and Burundi.[6]Treatment is based on doxycycline and gentamicin.[7]
Presentation
The onset of symptoms is usually sudden, with high fever, severe headache, pain on moving the eyeballs, soreness of the muscles of the legs and back, and frequently hyperaesthesia of the shins. The initial fever is usually followed in a few days by a single, short rise in temperature but there may be many relapses between periods without fever. [8][9][10]
Complications
As to complications we find that endocarditis is a possible issue with Trench fever.[9]
Cause
The cause of Trench fever finds that it is caused by Bartonella quintana a fastidious aerobic gram-negative rod . It has a zoonotic origin, and humans are the main host [9]
Transmission
Bartonella quintana is transmitted by contamination of a skin abrasion or louse-bite wound with the faeces of an infected body louse (Pediculus humanus corporis). [2][11]
Mechanism
In terms of the pathophysiology of Trench fever we find that, once an individual has been infected by a louse, B. quintana starts to multiply within endothelial cells, activation of proinflammatory cytokines occurs, apoptosis is suppressed, and finally the initiation of vascular proliferation happens. [3]
Diagnosis
Serological testing is typically used to obtain a definitive diagnosis. Most serological tests would succeed only after a certain period of time past the symptom onset (usually a week). Additionally it can be diagnosed via: culture, polymerase chain reaction and histopathology method.[3][9]
Differential diagnosis
The differential diagnosis for Trench fever is as follows: typhoid fever, epidemic typhus, influenza, and meningitis.[12]
Treatment
The treatment of trench fever can vary from case to case, some individuals will require treatment, and others will not. For those who do require treatment, the best treatment comes by way of doxycycline in combination with gentamicin. Chloramphenicol is an alternative medication recommended under circumstances that render use of tetracycline derivates undesirable.[13][9][14]
Epidemiology
It is endemic in regions such as Mexico, Tunisia, Eritrea, Poland, and the former Soviet Union.[15]Being that the vector of the disease is human body louse, it can be determined that the main risk factors for infection are mostly in relation to contracting body louse. Specifically, some factors include: body louse infestation, overcrowded and unhygienic conditions, body hygiene, war, famine, malnutrition, alcoholism, homelessness, and intravenous drug abuse.[16]
History
Trench fever was first described and reported by British major John Graham in June 1915. He reported symptoms such as dizziness, headaches, and pain in the shins and back. The disease was most common in the military and consequently took much longer to identify than usual. These cases were originally confused for dengue, sandfly, or paratyphoid fever.[17]
References
- ↑ Justina Hamilton Hill (1942). Silent Enemies: The Story of the Diseases of War and Their Control. G. P. Putnam's Sons.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Francis Timoney; William Arthur Hagan (1973). Hagan and Bruner's Microbiology and Infectious Diseases of Domestic Animals. Cornell University Press.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Sarah Perloff (17 January 2020). "Trench Fever". eMedicine. Archived from the original on 16 October 2008. Retrieved 6 January 2022.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ↑ 4.0 4.1 Ohl, M. E.; Spach, D. H. (1 July 2000). "Bartonella quintana and Urban Trench Fever". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 31 (1): 131–135. doi:10.1086/313890. PMID 10913410.
- ↑ Comer, James A. (25 November 1996). "Antibodies to Bartonella Species in Inner-city Intravenous Drug Users in Baltimore, Md". Archives of Internal Medicine. 156 (21): 2491–5. doi:10.1001/archinte.1996.00440200111014. PMID 8944742.
- ↑ Raoult, D; Ndihokubwayo, JB; Tissot-Dupont, H; Roux, V; Faugere, B; Abegbinni, R; Birtles, RJ (1998). "Outbreak of epidemic typhus associated with trench fever in Burundi". The Lancet. 352 (9125): 353–358. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(97)12433-3. PMID 9717922. S2CID 25814472.
- ↑ "Trench Fever Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Pharmacologic Therapy, Surgical Intervention". eMedicine. 6 September 2024. Retrieved 14 September 2024.
- ↑ "Orphanet: Trench fever". www.orpha.net. Archived from the original on 8 September 2024. Retrieved 7 September 2024.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 Okorji, Onyinyechukwu; Olarewaju, Olubunmi; Smith, Travis; Pace, William C. (2024). "Trench Fever". StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing.
- ↑ Minnick, Michael F.; Anderson, Burt E. (1 January 2015). "Chapter 105 - Bartonella". Molecular Medical Microbiology (Second Edition). Academic Press. pp. 1911–1939. ISBN 978-0-12-397169-2.
- ↑ Edward Rhodes Stitt (1922). The Diagnostics and treatment of tropical diseases. P. Blakiston's Son & Co.
- ↑ "Trench Fever Clinical Presentation: History, Physical Examination". emedicine.medscape.com. Retrieved 22 September 2024.
- ↑ Rolain, J. M.; Brouqui, P.; Koehler, J. E.; Maguina, C.; Dolan, M. J.; Raoult, D. (June 2004). "Recommendations for Treatment of Human Infections Caused by Bartonella Species". Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 48 (6): 1921–1933. doi:10.1128/AAC.48.6.1921-1933.2004. ISSN 0066-4804. PMC 415619. PMID 15155180.
- ↑ Foucault, Cédric; Brouqui, Philippe; Raoult, Didier (February 2006). "Bartonella quintana characteristics and clinical management". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 12 (2): 217–223. doi:10.3201/eid1202.050874. ISSN 1080-6040.
- ↑ "Trench Fever - Trench Fever". MSD Manual Professional Edition. Retrieved 22 September 2024.
- ↑ "Trench Fever: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology". 2021-10-21. Archived from the original on 26 January 2022. Retrieved 6 January 2022.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ↑ Anstead, Gregory M (August 2016). "The centenary of the discovery of trench fever, an emerging infectious disease of World War 1". The Lancet. Infectious Diseases. 16 (8): e164 – e172. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(16)30003-2. ISSN 1473-3099. Retrieved 22 September 2024.