Video:Toxoplasmosis

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Description

Toxoplasmosis is a parasitic disease caused by Toxoplasma gondii.[1] Infections with T. gondii usually cause no obvious symptoms in adults.[2] Occasionally, people may have a few weeks or months of mild, flu-like illness such as muscle aches and tender lymph nodes.[3] In some people, eye problems may develop.[3] In those with a weak immune system, severe symptoms such as seizures and poor coordination may occur.[3]Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole is the drug of choice to prevent latent toxoplasmosis, but not for treating active disease. A 2012 study shows a promising new way to treat the active and latent form of this disease using two endochin-like quinolones.[4]

Presentation

In terms of symptoms and signs we find that, when not asymptomatic, those infected demonstrate the following, fevers, chills, headaches, pharyngitis, myalgias, or rash.[5]

Complications

The complications seen in individuals with Toxoplasmosis are toxoplasmic encephalitis or extracerebral toxoplasmosis.[5]

Cause

Toxoplasma gondii is a parasitic protozoan (specifically an apicomplexan) that causes toxoplasmosis.[6] Found worldwide, T. gondii is capable of infecting virtually all warm-blooded animals.[7]

Transmission

Toxoplasmosis is generally transmitted through the mouth when Toxoplasma gondii oocysts or tissue cysts are accidentally eaten via raw or partially cooked meat.[8] Congenital transmittance from mother to fetus can also occur.[9] Transmission may also occur during the solid organ transplant process[10] or hematogenous stem cell transplants.[11]

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of toxoplasmosis in humans is made by biological, serological, histological, or molecular methods, or by some combination thereof.[12]

Differential diagnosis

The differential diagnosis of Toxoplasmosis is as follows, metastatic brain lesions, Progressive multifocal encephalopathy, fungal brain abscess, acute HIV infection and Herpes simplex encephalitis. [5]

Treatment

In terms of the management of Toxoplasmosis we find that the combination of pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine are the preferred treatment.[5]

Epidemiology

In terms of the epidemiology we find that T. gondii is present in many parts of the world; according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in the U.S. over 11 percent of the population 6 years of age or older have been infected .[5][13]

History

Toxoplasmosis was first discovered in the year 1908 by Charles Nicolle and Louis Manceaux at the Pasteur Institute.[14]

Climate change

Climate change has been reported to affect the occurrence, survival, distribution and transmission of T. gondii.[15] T. gondii has been identified in the Canadian arctic, a location that was once too cold for its survival.[16]

References

  1. ↑ "Parasites – Toxoplasmosis (Toxoplasma infection) Epidemiology & Risk Factors". March 26, 2015. Archived from the original on 23 August 2015. Retrieved 22 August 2015.
  2. ↑ Montoya, Jose G. (2020). "328. Toxoplasmosis". In Goldman, Lee; Schafer, Andrew I. (eds.). Goldman-Cecil Medicine. Vol. 2 (26th ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier. p. 2056-2058. ISBN 978-0-323-55087-1. Archived from the original on 2023-09-10. Retrieved 2023-09-07.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 "Parasites – Toxoplasmosis (Toxoplasma infection) Disease". July 10, 2014. Archived from the original on 22 August 2015. Retrieved 22 August 2015.
  4. ↑ Doggett JS, Nilsen A, Forquer I, Wegmann KW, Jones-Brando L, Yolken RH, Bordón C, Charman SA, Katneni K, Schultz T, Burrows JN, Hinrichs DJ, Meunier B, Carruthers VB, Riscoe MK (2012). "Endochin-like quinolones are highly efficacious against acute and latent experimental toxoplasmosis". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 109 (39): 15936–41. Bibcode:2012PNAS..10915936D. doi:10.1073/pnas.1208069109. PMC 3465437. PMID 23019377.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 Madireddy, Sowmya; Rivas Chacon, Emanuel D.; Mangat, Rupinder (2024). "Toxoplasmosis". StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing.
  6. ↑ Dardé, M. L.; Ajzenberg, D.; Smith, J. (2011). "Population structure and epidemiology of Toxoplasma gondii". In Weiss, L. M.; Kim, K. (eds.). Toxoplasma Gondii: The Model Apicomplexan. Perspectives and Methods. Amsterdam, Boston, Heidelberg, London, New York: Elsevier. pp. 49–80. doi:10.1016/B978-012369542-0/50005-2. ISBN 978-0-12-369542-0. Archived from the original on 2023-07-02. Retrieved 2023-05-22.
  7. ↑ Dubey, J. P. (2010). "General Biology". Toxoplasmosis of Animals and Humans (2nd ed.). Boca Raton, London, New York: Taylor and Francis Group. pp. 1–20. ISBN 978-1-4200-9237-0. Archived from the original on 2 July 2023. Retrieved 1 February 2019.
  8. ↑ Weiss, Louis M.; Dubey, Jitender P. (7 July 2009). "Toxoplasmosis: a history of clinical observations". International journal for parasitology. 39 (8): 895. doi:10.1016/j.ijpara.2009.02.004. Retrieved 9 August 2024.
  9. ↑ Toxoplasma gondii: the model apicomplexan: perspectives and methods. Elsevier/Academic Press. 2007. ISBN 9780123695420.
  10. ↑ Derouin, F.; Pelloux, H. (December 2008). "Prevention of toxoplasmosis in transplant patients". Clinical Microbiology and Infection. 14 (12): 1089–1101. doi:10.1111/j.1469-0691.2008.02091.x.
  11. ↑ Khurana, Sumeeta; Batra, Nitya (2016). "Toxoplasmosis in organ transplant recipients: Evaluation, implication, and prevention". Tropical Parasitology. 6 (2): 123–128. doi:10.4103/2229-5070.190814. ISSN 2229-5070.
  12. ↑ Hill, D.; Dubey, J.P. (October 2002). "Toxoplasma gondii: transmission, diagnosis and prevention". Clinical Microbiology and Infection. 8 (10): 634–640. doi:10.1046/j.1469-0691.2002.00485.x. Retrieved 10 August 2024.
  13. ↑ Rostami, Ali; Riahi, Seyed Mohammad; Contopoulos-Ioannidis, Despina G.; Gamble, H. Ray; Fakhri, Yadolah; Shiadeh, Malihe Nourollahpour; Foroutan, Masoud; Behniafar, Hamed; Taghipour, Ali; Maldonado, Yvonne A.; Mokdad, Ali H.; Gasser, Robin B. (14 October 2019). "Acute Toxoplasma infection in pregnant women worldwide: A systematic review and meta-analysis". PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 13 (10): e0007807. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0007807. ISSN 1935-2735.
  14. ↑ Ferguson, David J. P. (March 2009). "Toxoplasma gondii: 1908-2008, homage to Nicolle, Manceaux and Splendore". Memorias Do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. 104 (2): 133–148. doi:10.1590/s0074-02762009000200003. ISSN 1678-8060. Retrieved 11 August 2024.
  15. ↑ Yan, Chao; Liang, Li-Jun; Zheng, Kui-Yang; Zhu, Xing-Quan (2016). "Impact of environmental factors on the emergence, transmission and distribution of Toxoplasma gondii". Parasites & Vectors. 9 (137): 137. doi:10.1186/s13071-016-1432-6. PMC 4785633. PMID 26965989.
  16. ↑ Dolgin, Elie (March 30, 2017). "Climate change: As the ice melts". Nature. 543 (7647): S54–S55. Bibcode:2017Natur.543S..54D. doi:10.1038/543S54a. PMID 28355191.
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