Video:Rhinosporidiosis
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Description
Rhinosporidiosis is an infection caused by Rhinosporidium seeberi.A painless, soft, polypoid mass that can cause nasal obstruction or bleeding.[1][2][3]Tissue biopsy is used to identify the organism.Rhinosporidiosis is most common in tropical and subtropical areas, especially in South Asia and Sri Lanka. It's also been reported in the Americas, Europe, and Africa[3][4]

Presentation
The presentation of Rhinosporidiosis is as follows:itching, photophobia, conjunctivitis, keeping in mind that infection can be either in the nasopharynx or conjunctiva. [3]

Cause
Rhinosporidium seeberi is a eukaryotic pathogen responsible for rhinosporidiosis, a disease which affects humans, horses, and dogs.[5] Rhinosporidium is generally classified as having a single species, although some evidence indicates that different host species may be infected by different strains.[6]

Risk factors
Among the possible risk factors in which a person may contract the infection are swimming or working near stagnant water source or visiting countries known to be endemic for Rhinosporidiosis.[3]

Pathophysiology
Rhinosporidiosis is a granulomatous disease affecting the mucous membrane of nasopharynx, oropharynx, conjunctiva, rectum and external genitalia. Though the floor of the nose and inferior turbinate are the most common sites, the lesions may appear elsewhere too. Traumatic inoculation from one site to others is common. Laryngeal rhinosporidiosis, too, has been described and may be due to inoculation from the nose during endotracheal intubation. After inoculation, the organism replicates locally, resulting in hyperplasia of host tissue and localised immune response.[7][3][8]

Diagnosis
The diagnosis for this condition is confirmed by biopsy and histopathology. Several round or oval sporangia and spores which may be seen bursting through its chitinous wall.[9][3][10]

Differential diagnosis
The differential diagnosis of Rhinosporidiosis, in an affected individual is as follows: Coccidioidomycosis, Protothecosis and Myospherulosis.[11]

Treatment
In terms of management for Rhinosporidiosis we find the following: surgical excision with wide area electro-coagulation of the lesion base and treatment with a year-long course of dapsone.[3][12][13]

Epidemiology
In terms of prevalence we find the Rhinosporidiosis has been identified in over 70 countries around the world.[14]The disease is endemic in Chhattisgarh South India, Sri Lanka, South America and Africa. It is presumed to be transmitted by exposure to the pathogen when taking a bath in stagnant water pools where animals also bathe.[15][4]


History
As to history, we find that Rhinosporidiosis was first identified by Guillermo Seeber in 1892. He comprehensively described the disease and its causative agent, Rhinosporidium seeberi, in the year 1900.[16][17]

References
- ↑ Arseculeratne, SN (1 July 2002). "RECENT ADVANCES IN RHINOSPORIDIOSIS AND RHINOSPORIDIUM SEEBERI". Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology. 20 (3): 119–131. doi:10.1016/S0255-0857(21)03243-6. ISSN 0255-0857. Retrieved 24 December 2024.
- ↑ Arseculeratne SN (April 2005). "Rhinosporidiosis: what is the cause?". Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis. 18 (2): 113–8. doi:10.1097/01.qco.0000160898.82115.e8. PMID 15735413.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 "Rhinosporidiosis - EyeWiki". eyewiki.org. Retrieved 24 December 2024.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Chandran, Megha; Mehta, Rupa; NAGARKAR, NITIN; Bhargava, Anudita; Mohapatra, Eli; Pati, Saroj (September 2023). "Rhinosporidiosis- Epidemiological Clinicoradiological Immunological Profile". Iranian Journal of Otorhinolaryngology. 35 (5): 255–262. doi:10.22038/IJORL.2023.68378.3331 (inactive 22 December 2024). PMC 10712551. PMID 38090617.
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: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of December 2024 (link) - ↑ Alexis Berrocal & Alfonso López (March 2007), "Nasal rhinosporidiosis in a mule", Can Vet J, vol. 48, no. 3, pp. 305–6, PMC 1800950, PMID 17436910
- ↑ Silva, V; Pereira, Cn; Ajello, L; Mendoza, L (Apr 2005). "Molecular evidence for multiple host-specific strains in the genus Rhinosporidium". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 43 (4): 1865–8. doi:10.1128/JCM.43.4.1865-1868.2005. PMC 1081358. PMID 15815010.
- ↑ Ajit Daharwal, Hansa Banjara, Digvijay Singh, Anuj Gupta, Surjeet Singh. 2011. A rare case of laryngeal rhinosporidiosis Archived 2021-03-09 at the Wayback Machine. J Laryngol Voice 2011;1:30-2
- ↑ Das, Shukla; Kashyap, Bineeta; Barua, Madhumita; Gupta, Neelima; Saha, Rumpa; Vaid, Lakshmi; Banka, Alok (1 April 2011). "Nasal rhinosporidiosis in humans: new interpretations and a review of the literature of this enigmatic disease". Medical Mycology. 49 (3): 311–315. doi:10.3109/13693786.2010.526640. ISSN 1369-3786. Retrieved 30 December 2024.
- ↑ Arias, Andrés F.; Romero, Sergio D.; Garcés, Carlos G. (3 February 2021). "Case Report: Rhinosporidiosis Literature Review". The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 104 (2): 708–711. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.20-0291. PMC 7866367. PMID 33289469.
- ↑ Quick Review Series: Microbiology. Elsevier India. 2009. p. 329. ISBN 978-81-312-1971-3. Retrieved 22 December 2024.
- ↑ Prieto-Granada, Carlos N.; Lobo, Alice Z. C.; Mihm, Martin C. (1 January 2018). "20 - Skin Infections". Diagnostic Pathology of Infectious Disease (Second ed.). Elsevier. pp. 542–647. ISBN 978-0-323-44585-6.
- ↑ Arora, Ripu Daman; Nagarkar, Nitin M.; Chandran, Megha (2022). "Treatment of Rhinosporidiosis". Rhinosporidiosis. Springer. pp. 77–81. doi:10.1007/978-981-16-8508-8_9. ISBN 978-981-16-8508-8.
- ↑ Doddawad, Vidya G.; Singh, Ranbir; S, Shivananda (1 March 2022). "A new technique to resolve Nasal Rhinosporidiosis: A case report with review of literature". International Journal of Surgery Case Reports. 92: 106807. doi:10.1016/j.ijscr.2022.106807. ISSN 2210-2612. PMID 35180588.
- ↑ Arseculeratne, SN (1 July 2002). "Recent Advances in Rhinosporidiosis and Rhinosporidium Seeberi". Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology. 20 (3): 119–131. doi:10.1016/S0255-0857(21)03243-6. ISSN 0255-0857. PMID 17657050. Archived from the original on 16 April 2024. Retrieved 17 December 2024.
- ↑ Giri, Anjan K.; Padhan, Srikanta; Galhotra, Abhiruchi (2022). "Epidemiology of Rhinosporidiosis". Rhinosporidiosis. Springer: 7–16. doi:10.1007/978-981-16-8508-8_2. ISBN 978-981-16-8507-1. Retrieved 16 December 2024.
- ↑ Narayan, Krishna Gopal; Sinha, Dharmendra Kumar; Singh, Dhirendra Kumar (2024). "Rhinosporidiosis". Handbook of Management of Zoonoses. Springer Nature: 757–760. doi:10.1007/978-981-99-9885-2_72. ISBN 978-981-99-9884-5.
- ↑ Mendoza, Leonel; Vilela, Raquel (1 January 2009). "CHAPTER 18 - Anomalous fungal and fungal-like infections: lacaziosis, pythiosis, and rhinosporidiosis". Clinical Mycology (Second ed.). Churchill Livingstone. pp. 403–415. ISBN 978-1-4160-5680-5.