Video:Ovarian cancer
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Description1
Ovarian cancer is a cancerous tumor in an ovary.[1]
Description2
It may originate from the ovary itself or more commonly from the nearby structures such as the fallopian tubes or the inner lining of the abdomen.[2]
Signs and symptoms1
Early in the disease there may be no or only vague symptoms.[3] Symptoms become more noticeable as the cancer progresses.[2]
Signs and symptoms2
These symptoms may include abdominal distension, pelvic pain, irregular menstrual bleeding, and loss of appetite.[2]
Signs and symptoms3
Common areas to which the cancer may spread include local glands, the lining of the abdomen, lungs, and liver.[4]
Risk factors1
The risk of ovarian cancer increases in women who have ovulated more over their lifetime.[5] This includes those who have never had children, those who began ovulation at a younger age, and those who reached menopause at an older age.[3]
Risk factors2
Other risk factors include smoking, hormone therapy after menopause, fertility medication,[3]
Risk factors3
and obesity.[3] One in 10 cases run in families.[6] Women with mutations in the genes bracca 1 or bracca 2 have a higher chance of developing the disease before reaching 70.[6]
Protective factors
Factors that reduce risk include breast feeding, using the oral contraceptive pill, having tubes tied or removed, and breast feeding.[7]
Types
There are several types of ovarian cancer, of which high-grade serous carcinoma accounts for most.[8] Originally thought to arise from the ovary, it is now established that most high-grade serous carcinomas are from the fallopian tube.[1] Less common types of ovarian cancer include germ cell tumors and sex cord stromal tumors.[9]
Diagnosis1
Tests may include blood tests, and medical imaging such as ultrasound.[7]
Diagnosis1
The cancer may be seen on CT scanning and magnetic resonance imaging.[7]
Diagnosis3
Diagnosis of ovarian cancer is confirmed through histology.[7]
Prevention
Screening is not recommended in women who are at average risk, as the high rate of false positive tests may lead to unneeded surgery.[10] Those at very high risk may have their ovaries and tubes removed as prevention.[3] If caught and treated in an early stage, ovarian cancer is often curable.[11]
Treatment
Treatment typically includes a combination of surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy.[3][5] Outcomes depend on the extent of disease, the subtype of cancer, and other medical conditions.[12][13] The overall five-year survival rate in the United States is 49%.[14] Outcomes are worse in the developing world.[12]
Epidemiology
In 2020, ovarian cancer was the eighth-most common cancer diagnosis and cause of death from cancer, in women.[15] The typical age of diagnosis is 60-to-65 years old.[5] Death from ovarian cancer is more common in North America and Europe than in Africa and Asia.[1]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 WHO Classification of Tumours Editorial Board, ed. (2020). "1. Tumours of the ovary: introduction". Female genital tumours: WHO Classification of Tumours. Vol. 4 (5th ed.). Lyon (France): International Agency for Research on Cancer. pp. 32–35. ISBN 978-92-832-4504-9. Archived from the original on 2022-06-17. Retrieved 2022-06-28.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Žilovič, Diana; Čiurlienė, Rūta; Sabaliauskaitė, Rasa; Jarmalaitė, Sonata (30 July 2021). "Future Screening Prospects for Ovarian Cancer". Cancers. 13 (15): 3840. doi:10.3390/cancers13153840. ISSN 2072-6694. PMID 34359740. Archived from the original on 12 July 2022. Retrieved 6 July 2022.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 Arora, Taruna; Mullangi, Sanjana; Lekkala, Manidhar Reddy (2022). "Ovarian Cancer". StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing. PMID 33620837. Archived from the original on 2022-07-12. Retrieved 2022-07-06.
- ↑ Ruddon, Raymond W. (2007). Cancer Biology (4th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 223. ISBN 9780195175431. Archived from the original on 2015-09-15.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Armstrong, Deborak K. (2020). "189. Gynaecologic cancers: ovarian cancer". In Goldman, Lee; Schafer, Andrew I. (eds.). Goldman-Cecil Medicine. Vol. 1 (26th ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier. pp. 1332–1335. ISBN 978-0-323-55087-1. Archived from the original on 2022-10-08. Retrieved 2022-10-08.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 "Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Syndrome: A Guide for Patients and Their Families | CDC". www.cdc.gov. 11 January 2016. Archived from the original on 9 July 2022. Retrieved 25 June 2022.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 "Ovarian Cancer Prevention". NCI. 2014-06-20. Archived from the original on 6 July 2014. Retrieved 1 July 2014.
- ↑ WHO Classification of Tumours Editorial Board, ed. (2020). "1. Tumours of the ovary: high grade serous carcinoma of the ovary". Female genital tumours: WHO Classification of Tumours. Vol. 4 (5th ed.). Lyon (France): International Agency for Research on Cancer. pp. 45–47. ISBN 978-92-832-4504-9. Archived from the original on 2022-06-17. Retrieved 2022-06-28.
- ↑ Shih, Ie-Ming; Wang, Yeh; Wang, Tian-Li (January 2021). "The Origin of Ovarian Cancer Species and Precancerous Landscape". The American Journal of Pathology. 191 (1): 26–39. doi:10.1016/j.ajpath.2020.09.006. ISSN 1525-2191. PMID 33011111. Archived from the original on 2022-06-15. Retrieved 2022-07-05.
- ↑ Grossman DC, Curry SJ, Owens DK, Barry MJ, Davidson KW, Doubeni CA, et al. (February 2018). "Screening for Ovarian Cancer: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement". JAMA. 319 (6): 588–594. doi:10.1001/jama.2017.21926. PMID 29450531.
- ↑ "Ovarian Epithelial Cancer Treatment". NCI. 2014-05-12. Archived from the original on 5 July 2014. Retrieved 1 July 2014.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 World Cancer Report 2014. World Health Organization. 2014. Chapter 5.12. ISBN 978-9283204299. Archived from the original on 2016-09-19.
- ↑ Gibson SJ, Fleming GF, Temkin SM, Chase DM (2016). "The Application and Outcome of Standard of Care Treatment in Elderly Women with Ovarian Cancer: A Literature Review over the Last 10 Years". Frontiers in Oncology. 6: 63. doi:10.3389/fonc.2016.00063. PMC 4805611. PMID 27047797.
- ↑ "SEER Stat Fact Sheets: Ovary Cancer". NCI. Archived from the original on 6 July 2014. Retrieved 18 June 2014.
- ↑ Woods, Penny. "Worldwide cancer data | World Cancer Research Fund International". WCRF International. Archived from the original on 15 June 2022. Retrieved 6 July 2022.