Video:Nocardiosis

From WikiProjectMed
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Nocardiosis (Tutorial)
Commons / NC
Steps for video creation
Step 1Preview my changes (10 sec)
Step 2Upload to Commons (10 min)

Edit with VisualEditor

Description

Nocardiosis is an infectious disease affecting either the lungs (pulmonary nocardiosis) or the whole body (systemic nocardiosis). It is due to infection by a bacterium of the genus Nocardia, most commonly Nocardia asteroides or Nocardia brasiliensis.[1][2]It is most common in adult males, especially those with a weakened immune system. In individuals with brain nocardia infection, mortality exceeds 80 percent; in other forms, mortality is 50 percent, even with appropriate therapy.[3]

Presentation 1

Pulmonary infection due to Nocardiosis manifests as night sweats, fever, cough, and chest pain. Symptoms are more severe in immunocompromised individuals. Radiologic studies show multiple pulmonary infiltrates.[4][5][6]

Presentation 2

Neurological infection due to Nocardiosis manifests as headache, lethargy, confusion, and seizures.[7]

Presentation 3

Cardiac conditions due to Nocardiosis manifests as endocarditis as a main manifestation, in some recorded cases, it has caused damage to heart valves whether natural or prosthetic.[8][9]

Presentation 4

Lymphocutaneous disease due to Nocardiosis manifests with multiple nodules alongside a lymphatic pathway, while chronic subcutaneous infection is a rare complication.[10][11][12]

Presentation 5

Ocular disease finds that very rarely, nocardiae cause keratitis.[13]

Presentation 6

Disseminated nocardiosis may manifests as fever, multiple cavitating pulmonary infiltrates , while cerebral abscesses arise later.[14][15][16]

Cause

As to the etiology we find that infection by a bacterium of the genus Nocardia, commonly Nocardia asteroides or Nocardia brasiliensis is the cause.Normally found in soil, these organisms cause occasional sporadic disease in humans and animals throughout the world.[17]

Risk factors

In terms of risk factors that are associated with Nocardiosis we find the following: HIV, solid-organ transplant, hematological malignancy and alcoholism.[1]

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of Nocardiosis can be made using various techniques which include, but are not limited to: a chest imaging, a bronchoscopy, a biopsy, or a sputum culture.[3]

Differential diagnosis

In terms of the differential diagnosis we find the following should be considered:fungal pneumonia, Histoplasmosis,Kaposi sarcoma, lung abscess and community-acquired pneumonia.[1]

Treatment

Nocardiosis requires at least 6 months of treatment, preferably with trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole or high doses of sulfonamides. In individuals who do not respond to sulfonamide treatment, other drugs may be added(such as ampicillin, erythromycin, or minocycline).[18][1][19][20]

Prognosis

The prognosis of Nocardiosis is highly variable, the state of the host's health, duration, and severity of the infection all play parts in determining the prognosis. Currently, skin and soft tissue infections have a 100 percent cure rate, and pleuropulmonary infections have a 90 percent cure rate with appropriate therapy. The cure rate falls to 63 percent with those infected with disseminated nocardiosis. Additionally, 23 percent of people who are infected in the central nervous system die.[1][21][22]

Epidemiology

There are 500 to 1000 documented cases of nocardiosis per year in the U.S. Most of these cases occur in men, as there is a 3 to 1 ratio of male to female cases annually; however, this difference may be due to exposure frequency rather than susceptibility differences. From an age perspective, it is not highly more prevalent in one age group than another.[23]

History

In terms of history we find that Nocardial infections were first explained by Edmond Nocard (1850 to 1903), who was a French veterinarian, as well as a microbiologist.[24]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Rawat, Deepa; Rajasurya, Venkat; Chakraborty, Rebanta K.; Sharma, Sandeep (2024). "Nocardiosis". StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing.
  2. ↑ "About Nocardiosis". Nocardiosis. 9 June 2024. Archived from the original on 11 June 2024. Retrieved 14 November 2024.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Nocardiosis: DBMD - WrongDiagnosis.com". web.archive.org. 26 September 2007. Retrieved 24 November 2024.
  4. ↑ Kandi, Venkataramana (15 August 2015). "Human Nocardia Infections: A Review of Pulmonary Nocardiosis". Cureus. 7 (8): e304. doi:10.7759/cureus.304. PMC 4571773. PMID 26430578.
  5. ↑ Zia, Khurram; Nafees, Taha; Faizan, Muhammad; Salam, Osama; Saad, Syeda Ifra; Khan, Yasir A; Altaf, Ahmed (26 May 2019). "Ten Year Review of Pulmonary Nocardiosis: A Series of 55 Cases". Cureus. 11 (5): e4759. doi:10.7759/cureus.4759. PMC 6663111. PMID 31363440.
  6. ↑ "Pulmonary nocardiosis: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia". medlineplus.gov. Archived from the original on 10 November 2024. Retrieved 22 November 2024.
  7. ↑ Anagnostou, Theodora; Arvanitis, Marios; Kourkoumpetis, Themistoklis K.; Desalermos, Athanasios; Carneiro, Herman A.; Mylonakis, Eleftherios (January 2014). "Nocardiosis of the Central Nervous System: Experience From a General Hospital and Review of 84 Cases From the Literature". Medicine. 93 (1): 19–32. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000000012. PMC 4616325. PMID 24378740.
  8. ↑ "Nocardia Endocarditis in a Native Mitral Valve Revista Espanola de Cardiologia Volume 57, Issue 8, August 2004, Pages 787–788". doi:10.1016/S1885-5857(06)60314-9. Archived from the original on 2018-06-14. Retrieved 2021-05-30.
  9. ↑ Daikos, G. L.; Syriopoulou, V.; Horianopoulou, M.; Kanellopoulou, M.; Martsoukou, M.; Papafrangas, E. (2003). "Successful Antimicrobial Chemotherapy for Nocardia Asteroides Prosthetic Valve Endocarditis The American Journal of Medicine, Volume 115, Issue 4, Pages 330–332". The American Journal of Medicine. 115 (4): 330–332. doi:10.1016/S0002-9343(03)00350-4. PMID 12967703. Archived from the original on 2018-06-20. Retrieved 2021-05-30.
  10. ↑ Bryant, Elizabeth; Davis, Carrie L.; Kucenic, Michael James; Mark, Lawrence A. (February 2010). "Lymphocutaneous nocardiosis: a case report and review of the literature". Cutis. 85 (2): 73–76. ISSN 0011-4162. PMID 20349680. Archived from the original on 2022-06-17. Retrieved 2024-11-20.
  11. ↑ "Dermatologic Manifestations of Nocardiosis: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology". 2016-09-27. Archived from the original on 2021-04-20. Retrieved 2021-05-30. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  12. ↑ "Clinical Overview of Nocardiosis". Nocardiosis. 5 June 2024. Archived from the original on 20 September 2024. Retrieved 23 November 2024.
  13. ↑ Castle, George; Heath, Gregory (17 May 2021). "Endogenous ocular nocardiosis". GMS Ophthalmology Cases; 11:Doc10. 11: Doc10. doi:10.3205/oc000183. PMC 8167374. PMID 34123700.
  14. ↑ Li, Ting; Chen, Yi-Xin; Lin, Jia-Jia; Lin, Wei-Xian; Zhang, Wei-Zhen; Dong, Hang-Ming; Cai, Shao-Xi; Meng, Ying (6 October 2022). "Successful treatment of disseminated nocardiosis diagnosed by metagenomic next-generation sequencing: A case report and review of literature". World Journal of Clinical Cases. 10 (28): 10120–10129. doi:10.12998/wjcc.v10.i28.10120. ISSN 2307-8960. PMC 9561593. PMID 36246801.
  15. ↑ Budzik, Jonathan M.; Hosseini, Mojgan; Mackinnon, Alexander C.; Taxy, Jerome B. (June 2012). "Disseminated Nocardia farcinica : Literature Review and Fatal Outcome in an Immunocompetent Patient". Surgical Infections. 13 (3): 163–170. doi:10.1089/sur.2011.012. ISSN 1096-2964. PMC 3375863. PMID 22612440.
  16. ↑ Yetmar, Zachary A; Khodadadi, Ryan B; Chesdachai, Supavit; McHugh, Jack W; Challener, Douglas W; Wengenack, Nancy L; Bosch, Wendelyn; Seville, Maria Teresa; Beam, Elena (1 August 2023). "Mortality After Nocardiosis: Risk Factors and Evaluation of Disseminated Infection". Open Forum Infectious Diseases. 10 (8): ofad409. doi:10.1093/ofid/ofad409. PMC 10422863. PMID 37577117.
  17. ↑ Roth, GD; Thurn, AN (Nov–Dec 1962). "Continued study of oral nocardia". Journal of Dental Research. 41 (6): 1279–92. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.523.2905. doi:10.1177/00220345620410060401. PMID 13975308. S2CID 26640128.
  18. ↑ Margalit, Ili; Lebeaux, David; Tishler, Ori; Goldberg, Elad; Bishara, Jihad; Yahav, Dafna; Coussement, Julien (April 2021). "How do I manage nocardiosis?". Clinical Microbiology and Infection. 27 (4): 550–558. doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2020.12.019. PMID 33418019.
  19. ↑ "Nocardiosis Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care, Consultations". eMedicne. 29 October 2024. Archived from the original on 1 December 2023. Retrieved 22 November 2024.
  20. ↑ Root, Heather; Daniels, Lindsay; Marx, Ashley; Bartelt, Luther A.; Lachiewicz, Anne M.; van Duin, David (February 2021). "Sulfonamides without trimethoprim in the treatment of Nocardia infections: A case report and literature review". Transplant Infectious Disease: An Official Journal of the Transplantation Society. 23 (1): e13452. doi:10.1111/tid.13452. ISSN 1399-3062. PMID 32869901. Archived from the original on 2024-10-03. Retrieved 2024-11-22.
  21. ↑ "Nocardiosis: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology". eMedicine. 29 October 2024. Retrieved 21 November 2024.
  22. ↑ Meena, Durga Shankar; Kumar, Deepak; Bohra, Gopal Krishana; Midha, Naresh; Garg, Mahendra Kumar (2022). "Clinical Characteristics and Treatment Outcome of Central Nervous System Nocardiosis: A Systematic Review of Reported Cases". Medical Principles and Practice. 31 (4): 333–341. doi:10.1159/000525509. PMC 9485982. PMID 35700710.
  23. ↑ "Nocardiosis: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology". 2016-07-25. Archived from the original on 2021-01-17. Retrieved 2021-05-30. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  24. ↑ Duggal, Shalini Dewan; Chugh, Tulsi Das (2020). "Nocardiosis: A Neglected Disease". Medical Principles and Practice. 29 (6): 514–523. doi:10.1159/000508717. PMC 7768126. PMID 32422637.
Retrieved from "https://mdwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Video:Nocardiosis&oldid=1442876"