Video:Microsporidiosis
Microsporidiosis (Tutorial) | |
---|---|
Commons / NC | |
![]() | |
Steps for video creation | |
Step 1 | Preview my changes (10 sec) |
Step 2 | Upload to Commons (10 min) |
Description
Microsporidiosis is an opportunistic intestinal infection that causes diarrhea and wasting in immunocompromised individuals (HIV, for example). It results from different species of microsporidia, a group of microbial fungi.[1][2]Fumagillin has been used in the treatment.[3][4]

Presentation
The clinical presentation of this infection is as follows:diarrhea, encephalitis, ocular infection, sinusitis and myositis.[5]

Cause
The primary causes are Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Encephalitozoon intestinalis.[3] At least 15 microsporidian species have been recognized as human pathogens, spread across nine genera.[6]

Risk factors
In terms of the risk factors for Microsporidiosis we find the following, individuals with HIV and intravenous drug use.[7]

Transmission
As to transmission of Histoplasmosis we find the following: through food, water(crop irrigation, groundwater) and zoonotic transmission.[7]

Mechanism
As to the life cycle we find that once microsporidian spores from contaminated food or water, have been ingested, spores then germinate, injecting the infective material into host cells.The infective material begins multiplying in host cells. As a consequence host cells burst, releasing new spores in the individuals body.[7][6]

Diagnosis
Diagnosis of Microsporidia can be done through gram-positive, acid-fast spores in stool and biopsy material with morphologic demonstration of the organism. Initial detection is done through light microscopic examination of tissue sections, stools, duodenal aspirates, nasal discharges, bronchoalveolar lavage fluids, and conjunctival smears.[8] Definitive diagnosis can also be achieved through fluorescein-tagged antibody immunofluorescence or electron microscopy.[8][9]

Differential diagnosis
The differential diagnosis of Microsporidiosis in an affected individual is as follows:Giardiasis, Inflammatory bowel disease, bacterial gastroenteritis and Cryptosporidiosis.[7]

Treatment
Fumagillin has been used in the treatment,[4] another agent used is albendazole.[10]Because of its high mortality risk in immunocompromised individuals, the two main agents used find that the mechanism of action of albendazole, inhibits tubulin, while fumagillin mode of action, inhibits methionine aminopeptidase type two.[11]

Prognosis
In short the prognosis for Microsporidiosis is good. However , in immunocompromised individuals, such as HIV/AIDS, organ transplant recipients, or those on immunosuppressive therapy, the prognosis is not as favorable.[12][7]

Epidemiology
As to the epidemiology, we find that prevalence rates vary significantly. Studies indicate the prevalence can go from 0 to 50 percent, influenced by geographic region, and the demographics of population. Higher prevalence rates have been observed in specific groups, such as immunocompromised individuals.Microsporidiosis is common in 92 countries, with the higher prevalence in Northern Europe and South Africa.[13] [14]

History
Microsporidiosis was first described by Félix Balbiani in 1882. He identified microsporidia as a group of spore-forming unicellular parasites. Initially, they were considered protozoa, but later research reclassified them as fungi or a sister group to true fungi.[7]

References
- ↑ "Microsporidiosis: Parasitic Infections: Merck Manual Home Health Handbook". Archived from the original on 2015-02-21. Retrieved 2021-09-25. Archived 2015-02-21 at the Wayback Machine
- ↑ "Microsporidia Infections (Microsporidiosis)". Red Book: 2024–2027 Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases. Red Book: 2024–2027 Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases. 25 April 2024. pp. 601–603. doi:10.1542/9781610027373-S3_012_005. ISBN 978-1-61002-737-3. Retrieved 10 December 2024.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Lanternier F, Boutboul D, Menotti J, et al. (February 2009). "Microsporidiosis in solid organ transplant recipients: two Enterocytozoon bieneusi cases and review". Transpl Infect Dis. 11 (1): 83–8. doi:10.1111/j.1399-3062.2008.00347.x. PMID 18803616.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Molina JM, Tourneur M, Sarfati C, et al. (June 2002). "Fumagillin treatment of intestinal microsporidiosis". N. Engl. J. Med. 346 (25): 1963–9. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa012924. PMID 12075057.
- ↑ "Microsporidiosis | NIH". clinicalinfo.hiv.gov. Archived from the original on 20 May 2021. Retrieved 23 December 2021. Archived 20 May 2021 at the Wayback Machine
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 "CDC - DPDx - Microsporidiosis". www.cdc.gov. 2017-12-29. Archived from the original on 2021-06-05. Retrieved 2018-01-04. Archived 2021-06-05 at the Wayback Machine
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 Fadhilah, Araniy; Gabbar, Aishah; Bokhari, Abdullah A. (2024). "Microsporidium". StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Weber R, Bryan RT, Schwartz DA, Owen RL. Human microsporidial infections. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1994 Oct;7(4):426-61. doi: 10.1128/cmr.7.4.426. PMID: 7834600; PMCID: PMC358336.
- ↑ Kock NP, Petersen H, Fenner T, Sobottka I, Schmetz C, Deplazes P, Pieniazek NJ, Albrecht H, Schottelius J. Species-specific identification of microsporidia in stool and intestinal biopsy specimens by the polymerase chain reaction. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 1997 May;16(5):369-76. doi: 10.1007/BF01726365. PMID: 9228477.
- ↑ Didier ES, Maddry JA, Brindley PJ, Stovall ME, Didier PJ (June 2005). "Therapeutic strategies for human microsporidia infections". Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 3 (3): 419–34. doi:10.1586/14787210.3.3.419. PMID 15954858.
- ↑ Han B, Weiss LM. Therapeutic targets for the treatment of microsporidiosis in humans. Expert Opin Ther Targets. 2018 Nov;22(11):903-915. doi: 10.1080/14728222.2018.1538360. Epub 2018 Nov 1. PMID: 30336698; PMCID: PMC6300147.
- ↑ "Microsporidiosis - Infectious Diseases". MSD Manual Professional Edition. Archived from the original on 13 June 2024. Retrieved 16 December 2024.
- ↑ Ruan, Yingfei; Xu, Xiaofei; He, Qiang; Li, Li; Guo, Junrui; Bao, Jialing; Pan, Guoqing; Li, Tian; Zhou, Zeyang (1 April 2021). "The largest meta-analysis on the global prevalence of microsporidia in mammals, avian and water provides insights into the epidemic features of these ubiquitous pathogens". Parasites & Vectors. 14 (1): 186. doi:10.1186/s13071-021-04700-x. ISSN 1756-3305. PMID 33794979.
- ↑ Han, Bing; Pan, Guoqing; Weiss, Louis M. (30 June 2021). "Microsporidiosis in Humans". Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 34 (4): e00010–20. doi:10.1128/CMR.00010-20. PMC 8404701. PMID 34190570.