Video:Japanese encephalitis
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Description
Japanese encephalitis is an infection of the brain caused by the Japanese encephalitis virus. While most infections result in little or no symptoms, occasional inflammation of the brain occurs.[1] In these cases, symptoms may include headache, vomiting, fever, confusion and seizures.[2]There is no treatment for Japanese encephalitis, while management is supportive.[3]
Signs and symptoms
Japanese encephalitis virus has an incubation period of 2 to 26 days.[4] The vast majority of infections are asymptomatic: only 1 in 250 infections develop into encephalitis.[5][6]Severe rigors may mark the onset of this disease in humans. Fever, headache and malaise are other non-specific symptoms of this disease which may last for a period of between 1 and 6 days.[7]
Cause
Japanese encephalitis is transmitted via the bites of infected Culex tritaeniorhynchus mosquito [8].This is a disease caused by the mosquito-borne Japanese encephalitis virus .[9]
Virology
JEV is a virus from the family Flaviviridae, part of the Japanese encephalitis serocomplex of 9 genetically and antigenically related viruses, some which are particularly severe in horses, and four known to infect humans including West Nile virus.[10]
Diagnosis
Japanese encephalitis is diagnosed by commercially available tests detecting JE virus-specific IgM antibodies in serum and /or cerebrospinal fluid, for example by IgM capture ELISA.[11]
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Prevention
Infection with Japanese encephalitis confers lifelong immunity. There are currently three vaccines available: SA14-14-2, IXIARO [12] and ChimeriVax-JE .[13]
Treatment
There is no specific treatment for Japanese encephalitis and management is supportive,[3] with assistance given for feeding, breathing or seizure control as required. Raised intracranial pressure may be managed with mannitol.[14] .
Epidemiology
Japanese encephalitis is the leading cause of viral encephalitis in Asia, with up to 70 thousand cases reported annually.[15] Case-fatality ratio range from 20 percent to 30 percent for this virus[16].
References
- ↑ "Japanese Encephalitis". CDC. August 2015. Archived from the original on 24 May 2017. Retrieved 29 October 2017.
- ↑ "Symptoms and Treatment". CDC. August 2015. Archived from the original on 17 June 2017. Retrieved 29 October 2017.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Solomon T, Dung NM, Kneen R, Gainsborough M, Vaughn DW, Khanh VT (2000). "Japanese encephalitis". Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 68 (9): 405–15. doi:10.1136/jnnp.68.4.405. PMC 1736874. PMID 10727474.
- ↑ Moloney, Rachael M.; Kmush, Brittany; Rudolph, Kara E.; Cummings, Derek A. T.; Lessler, Justin (7 May 2014). "Incubation Periods of Mosquito-Borne Viral Infections: A Systematic Review". The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 90 (5): 882–891. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.13-0403. PMC 4015582. PMID 24639305.
- ↑ Simon, LV; Kruse, B (January 2018). Encephalitis, Japanese. StatPearls. PMID 29262148. Archived from the original on 28 August 2021. Retrieved 29 July 2018.
- ↑ Peterson, Phillip K.; Toborek, Michal (2014-07-08). Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration. Springer. p. 317. ISBN 978-1-4939-1071-7. Archived from the original on 28 August 2021. Retrieved 10 June 2021.
- ↑ Kumar, Parveen; Clark, Michael L. (2016-06-29). Kumar and Clark's Clinical Medicine E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 262. ISBN 978-0-7020-6600-9. Archived from the original on 28 August 2021. Retrieved 1 June 2021.
- ↑ "About Japanese Encephalitis". Japanese Encephalitis Virus. 20 May 2024. Archived from the original on 3 June 2024. Retrieved 2 June 2024.
- ↑ Solomon, T. (2006). "Control of Japanese encephalitis – within our grasp?". New England Journal of Medicine. 355 (9): 869–71. doi:10.1056/NEJMp058263. PMID 16943399.
- ↑ Lobigs M, Diamond MS (2012). "Feasibility of cross-protective vaccination against flaviviruses of the Japanese encephalitis serocomplex". Expert Rev Vaccines. 11 (2): 177–87. doi:10.1586/erv.11.180. PMC 3337329. PMID 22309667.
- ↑ Shrivastva A, Tripathi NK, Parida M, Dash PK, Jana AM, Lakshmana Rao PV (2008). "Comparison of a dipstick enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with commercial assays for detection of Japanese encephalitis virus-specific IgM antibodies". J Postgrad Med. 54 (3): 181–5. doi:10.4103/0022-3859.40959. PMID 18626163.
- ↑ "Jeev an inactivated Japanese Encephalitis vaccine launched in Hyderabad". pharmabiz.com. 15 September 2012. Archived from the original on 23 October 2012. Retrieved 11 January 2013.
- ↑ Schiøler KL, Samuel M, Wai KL (2007). "Vaccines for preventing Japanese encephalitis". Cochrane Database Syst Rev (3): CD004263. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004263.pub2. PMC 6532601. PMID 17636750.
- ↑ Japanese encephalitis~treatment at eMedicine
- ↑ Campbell GL, Hills SL, Fischer M, Jacobson JA, Hoke CH, Hombach JM, Marfin AA, Solomon T, Tsai TF, Tsu VD, Ginsburg AS (November 2011). "Estimmated global incidence of Japanese encephalitis: a systematic review". Bull World Health Organ. 89 (10): 766–74. doi:10.2471/BLT.10.085233. PMC 3209971. PMID 22084515.
- ↑ "Japanese Encephalitis - Chapter 4 - 2020 Yellow Book | Travelers' Health | CDC". wwwnc.cdc.gov. Archived from the original on 10 May 2021. Retrieved 10 June 2021.