Video:Hymenolepiasis
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Description
Hymenolepiasis is infestation by one of two species of tapeworm: Hymenolepis nana or H. diminuta. Alternative names are dwarf tapeworm infection and rat tapeworm infection. The disease is a type of helminthiasis which is classified as a neglected tropical disease.[1][2][3]The treatment of hymenolepiasis, entails that the affected individual is given either praziquantel, niclosamide , or nitazoxanide.[4]

Presentation
Hymenolepiasis does not always have symptoms, but when present are described as abdominal pain, loss of appetite, itching around the anus, irritability, and diarrhea.[5] Some authorities report that heavily infected cases are more likely to be symptomatic.[6][7]

Complications
As to complications we find that abdominal discomfort and, in case of prolonged diarrhea, dehydration are possible issues.[8]

Cause 1
The risk of human infection from H. diminuta is very low, since its main host is the rat. Also known as the rat tapeworm, H. diminuta adults live and mate in the bowels of rats. Eggs of H. diminuta are excreted by the rats in droppings, which are frequently consumed by beetles. Once inside the beetle, the eggs mature into a cysticercoid. [9]

Cause 2
H. nana is a tapeworm, belonging to the class Cestoidea, phylum Platyhelminthes.H. nana is the only cestode capable of completing its lifecycle without an intermediate host.It can, however, pass through an intermediate host, as well. The most common intermediate hosts for H. nana are arthropods. When an egg is ingested by the definitive host, it hatches and releases a six-hook larva called the oncosphere which penetrates the villi of the small intestine and develops into a cysticercoid.[6][10] [11]

Diagnosis
The diagnosis of Hymenolepiasis can be done via demonstration of eggs in stool specimens. The eggs and proglottids of H. nana are smaller than H. diminuta. Proglottids of both are relatively wide and have three testes. Identifying the parasites to the species level is often unnecessary from a medical perspective, as the treatment is the same for both.[12][3][13]

Differential diagnosis
In so far as the differential diagnosis we find the following: anemia, Irritable bowel syndrome, brain abscess, encephalitis, gastroenteritis and meningitis.[14]

Treatment
The two drugs that have been well-described for the treatment of hymenolepiasis are praziquantel and niclosamide. Praziquantel, which is parasiticidal in a single dose for all the stages of the parasite, is the drug of choice because it acts very rapidly against H. nana. [8][3]

Epidemiology
In terms of the epidemiology we find that H. nana infection is prevalent in countries of the Mediterranean, Indian subcontinent, South America and other parts of the world. In children in these countries prevalence can reach 20 percent. [15]

History
Hymenolepiasis was first discovered by Theodor Bilharz in 1851, he identified the dwarf tapeworm, Hymenolepis nana, in the small intestine.[16]

References
- ↑ "Orphanet: Hymenolepiasis". www.orpha.net. Retrieved 18 December 2024.
- ↑ "hymenolepiasis - National Organization for Rare Disorders". rarediseases.org. Archived from the original on 1 December 2024. Retrieved 18 December 2024.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Bhosale, Namrata K. (2022). "Hymenolepiasis". Textbook of Parasitic Zoonoses. Springer Nature. pp. 385–392. ISBN 978-981-16-7204-0. Retrieved 26 December 2024.
- ↑ "Clinical Care of Hymenolepiasis (Dwarf Tapeworm)". Hymenolepiasis. 8 November 2024. Archived from the original on 5 October 2024. Retrieved 23 December 2024.
- ↑ Chero JC, Saito M, Bustos JA, et al. (2007). "Hymenolepis nana infection: symptoms and response to nitazoxanide in field conditions". Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 101 (2): 203–5. doi:10.1016/j.trstmh.2006.04.004. PMID 16814334.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Schantz PM (September 1996). "Tapeworms (cestodiasis)". Gastroenterol. Clin. North Am. 25 (3): 637–53. doi:10.1016/S0889-8553(05)70267-3. PMID 8863044. Archived from the original on 2022-01-11. Retrieved 2021-05-24.
- ↑ Chitchang S, Plamjinda T, Yodmani B, Radomyos P (1985). "Relationship between severity of the symptom and the number of Hymenolepis nana after treatment". J Med Assoc Thai. 68 (8): 423–26. PMID 4067462.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 "Tapeworm infection - hymenolepis: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia". medlineplus.gov.
- ↑ Zimmer, Carl (2001). Parasite rex: inside the bizarre world of nature's most dangerous creatures. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-7432-0011-X.
- ↑ Smyth, J.D.; McManus, D.P. (2007). The Physiology and Biochemistry of Cestodes. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-03895-9. Archived from the original on 2013-06-06. Retrieved 2021-05-24.
- ↑ Bogitsh, Burton J.; Carter, Clint E.; Oeltmann, Thomas N. (1 January 2013). "Chapter 13 - Intestinal Tapeworms". Human Parasitology (Fourth Edition). Academic Press. pp. 237–249. ISBN 978-0-12-415915-0. Archived from the original on 11 March 2024. Retrieved 30 December 2024.
- ↑ "CDC - DPDx - Hymenolepiasis". www.cdc.gov. 18 January 2019. Archived from the original on 16 December 2021. Retrieved 16 December 2021.
- ↑ Panti-May, Jesús Alonso; Rodríguez-Vivas, Roger Iván; García-Prieto, Luis; Servián, Andrea; Costa, Federico (July 2020). "Worldwide overview of human infections with Hymenolepis diminuta". Parasitology Research. 119 (7): 1997–2004. doi:10.1007/s00436-020-06663-x. ISSN 1432-1955.
- ↑ "Tapeworm Infestation Differential Diagnoses". emedicine.medscape.com. Archived from the original on 24 November 2024. Retrieved 20 December 2024.
- ↑ "Tapeworm Infestation: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology". eMedicine. 2 August 2024. Archived from the original on 23 December 2024. Retrieved 27 December 2024.
- ↑ Goudarzi, Fatemeh; Mohtasebi, Sina; Teimouri, Aref; Yimam, Yonas; Heydarian, Peyman; Salehi Sangani, Ghodratollah; Abbaszadeh Afshar, Mohammad Javad (1 February 2021). "A systematic review and meta-analysis of Hymenolepis nana in human and rodent hosts in Iran: A remaining public health concern". Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. 74: 101580. doi:10.1016/j.cimid.2020.101580. ISSN 0147-9571. Archived from the original on 15 April 2024. Retrieved 23 December 2024.