Video:Human granulocytic anaplasmosis
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Description
Human granulocytic anaplasmosis is a tick-borne, infectious disease caused by Anaplasma phagocytophilum, an obligate intracellular bacterium that is typically transmitted to humans by ticks of the Ixodes ricinus species complex, including Ixodes scapularis and Ixodes pacificus in North America.[1] Symptoms include headache, fever and muscle pain,[2][3] as for treatment doxycycline is used.[4]
Presentation
Signs and symptoms for HGA may include,fever, severe headache, muscle aches (myalgia), nausea and vomiting.[2][3]
Complications
Among the complications that Human granulocytic anaplasmosis can exhibit are, adult respiratory distress syndrome, disseminated intravascular coagulopathy, central nervous system involvement, and renal failure.[5]
Transmission
A. phagocytophilum is transmitted to humans by Ixodes ticks. These ticks are found in the US, Europe, and Asia. In the US, I. scapularis is the tick vector in the East and Midwest states, and I. pacificus in the Pacific Northwest.[6]
Diagnosis
The diagnosis of HGA can be done via whole-blood PCR (Msp-2 gene amplification).[7]
Differential diagnosis
In terms of the differential diagnosis for Human granulocytic anaplasmosis the following should be considered, Lyme disease, Ehrlichiosis, Babesiosis and Powassan virus.[7]
Prevention
Currently, there is no vaccine against human granulocytic anaplasmosis.[8]The best way to prevent HGA is to prevent getting tick bites via insect repellants.[9]
Treatment
Doxycycline is the treatment of choice. If anaplasmosis is suspected, treatment should not be delayed while waiting for a definitive laboratory confirmation, as prompt doxycycline therapy has been shown to improve outcomes.[4]
Epidemiology
From the first reported case in 1994 until 2010, HGA rates of incidence have exponentially increased.[10] This is likely because HGA is found where there are ticks that carry and transmit Lyme disease, also known as Borrelia burgdorferi, and babesiosis, which is found in the northeastern and midwestern United States, which has seemingly increased in the past couple of decades.[10] In terms of Europe we find that it is rare though geographical distribution of HGA cases is wide.[11]
References
- ↑ Holden, K.; Boothby, J. T.; Anand, S.; Massung, R. F. (2003). "Browse BioOne Complete". Journal of Medical Entomology. 40 (4): 534–9. doi:10.1603/0022-2585-40.4.534. ISSN 0022-2585. PMID 14680123. Archived from the original on 2020-09-05. Retrieved 2021-07-06.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 MacQueen, Douglas; Centellas, Felipe (September 2022). "Human Granulocytic Anaplasmosis". Infectious Disease Clinics of North America. 36 (3): 639–654. doi:10.1016/j.idc.2022.02.008. ISSN 1557-9824. PMID 36116840. Archived from the original on 2023-12-15. Retrieved 2024-07-18.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Clinical Signs and Symptoms of Anaplasmosis". Anaplasmosis. 17 May 2024. Retrieved 19 July 2024.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Hamburg BJ, Storch GA, Micek ST, Kollef MH (March 2008). "The importance of early treatment with doxycycline in human ehrlichiosis". Medicine. 87 (2): 53–60. doi:10.1097/MD.0b013e318168da1d. PMID 18344803. S2CID 2632346.
- ↑ Dahlgren, F. Scott; Mandel, Eric J.; Krebs, John W.; Massung, Robert F.; McQuiston, Jennifer H. (1 July 2011). "Increasing Incidence of Ehrlichia chaffeensis and Anaplasma phagocytophilum in the United States, 2000–2007". The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 85 (1): 124–131. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.2011.10-0613. ISSN 0002-9637.
- ↑ Dumler JS, Madigan JE, Pusterla N, Bakken JS (July 2007). "Ehrlichioses in humans: epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 45 (Suppl 1): S45–51. doi:10.1086/518146. PMID 17582569.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Dumic, Igor; Jevtic, Dorde; Veselinovic, Mladjen; Nordstrom, Charles W.; Jovanovic, Milan; Mogulla, Vanajakshi; Veselinovic, Elmira Mofid; Hudson, Ann; Simeunovic, Gordana; Petcu, Emilia; Ramanan, Poornima (15 July 2022). "Human Granulocytic Anaplasmosis—A Systematic Review of Published Cases". Microorganisms. 10 (7): 1433. doi:10.3390/microorganisms10071433. ISSN 2076-2607.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ↑ Bakken, Johan S.; Dumler, J. Stephen (October 2006). "Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment of Human Granulocytotropic Anaplasmosis". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1078 (1): 236–247. doi:10.1196/annals.1374.042. ISSN 0077-8923. Retrieved 25 July 2024.
- ↑ Wormser, Gary P.; Dattwyler, Raymond J.; Shapiro, Eugene D.; Halperin, John J.; Steere, Allen C.; Klempner, Mark S.; Krause, Peter J.; Bakken, Johan S.; Strle, Franc (2006-11-01). "The Clinical Assessment, Treatment, and Prevention of Lyme Disease, Human Granulocytic Anaplasmosis, and Babesiosis: Clinical Practice Guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 43 (9): 1089–1134. doi:10.1086/508667. ISSN 1058-4838. PMID 17029130.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 "Statistics | Anaplasmosis | CDC". www.cdc.gov. Archived from the original on 2018-11-30. Retrieved 2015-11-08.
- ↑ Matei, Ioana A.; Estrada-Peña, Agustín; Cutler, Sally J.; Vayssier-Taussat, Muriel; Varela-Castro, Lucía; Potkonjak, Aleksandar; Zeller, Herve; Mihalca, Andrei D. (21 December 2019). "A review on the eco-epidemiology and clinical management of human granulocytic anaplasmosis and its agent in Europe". Parasites & Vectors. 12 (1): 599. doi:10.1186/s13071-019-3852-6. ISSN 1756-3305.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)