Video:Hepatitis D

From WikiProjectMed
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Hepatitis D (Tutorial)
Commons / NC
Steps for video creation
Step 1Preview my changes (10 sec)
Step 2Upload to Commons (10 min)

Edit with VisualEditor

Description

Hepatitis D is an infectious disease caused by the hepatitis delta virus that affects the liver.[1] Symptoms tend to occur 3 to 7 weeks after becoming infected and include fever, tiredness, and joint pains.[2]Treatment with peginterferon alfa-2a may be an option, but does not always work well.[1] Hepatitis B vaccine offers protection to some.[3]

Presentation

Presenting symptoms include fever, tiredness, nausea, vomiting, stomach ache, joint pains and jaundice.[2] The urine may look dark and stool may appear a clay-color.[2]

Complications

HDV and HBV infecting a person simultaneously is considered the most serious type of viral hepatitis due to its severity of complications.[4] These complications include a greater likelihood of experiencing liver failure in acute infections and a rapid progression to liver cirrhosis, with an increased risk of developing liver cancer in chronic infections.[5]

Structure

The hepatitis delta viruses, are eight species of negative-sense single-stranded RNA viruses classified together as the genus Deltavirus, within the realm Ribozyviria.[6] The HDV virion is a small, spherical, enveloped particle with a 36 nanometer diameter; its viral envelope contains host phospholipids, as well as three proteins taken from the hepatitis B virus—the large, medium, and small hepatitis B surface antigens. This assembly surrounds an inner ribonucleoprotein particle, which contains the genome surrounded by about 200 molecules of hepatitis D antigen for each genome. The central region of HDAg has been shown to bind RNA.[7] Several interactions are also mediated by a coiled-coil region at the N terminus of HDAg.[8][9]

Transmission

The routes of transmission of hepatitis D are similar to those for hepatitis B. Infection is largely restricted to persons at high risk of hepatitis B infection, particularly injecting drug users and persons receiving clotting factor concentrates.[10]

Mechanism

Like hepatitis B, HDV gains entry into liver cells via the NTCP[11] bile transporter. HDV recognizes its receptor via the N-terminal domain of the large hepatitis B surface antigen, HBsAg.[12] Mapping by mutagenesis of this domain has shown that amino acid residues 9 to 15 make up the receptor-binding site.[13] After entering the hepatocyte, the virus is uncoated and the nucleocapsid translocated to the nucleus due to a signal in HDAg.[14]

Diagnosis

Hepatitis D is considered in any person with features of hepatitis or is known to have hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), who becomes suddenly unwell.[2] Diagnosis is confirmed by testing for antibodies against HDV and/or HDV RNA.[2]

Differential diagnosis

The differential diagnosis for Hepatitis D is as follows:Alcoholic hepatitis, liver abcess, Autoimmune hepatitis, Budd-Chiari syndrome, cholangitis and cholecystitis.[15]

Prevention

The vaccine for hepatitis B protects against hepatitis D virus because of the latter's dependence on the presence of hepatitis B virus for it to replicate.[16][17]

Treatment

Hepatitis D is generally considered the dominant virus over hepatitis B except in rare instances. Current established treatments for chronic hepatitis D include conventional or pegylated interferon alpha therapy.[18]

Epidemiology

Hepatitis D is most prevalent in countries where HBV infection is also common, currently the Amazon basin and low income regions of Asia and Africa. Improved measures to control HBV in industrialised countries (such as by vaccination) have also reduced the prevalence of HDV, with the main remaining at-risk populations in those countries being injection drug users and immigrants from endemic HDV areas.[19]

History

Hepatitis D virus was first reported in 1977 as a nuclear antigen in individuals infected with HBV who had severe liver disease.[20] This nuclear antigen was then thought to be a hepatitis B antigen and was called the delta antigen. Subsequent experiments in chimpanzees showed that the hepatitis delta antigen (HDAg) was a structural part of a pathogen that required HBV infection to produce a complete viral particle.[21]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Foster, Graham; O'Brien, Alastair (2020). "34. Liver disease". In Feather, Adam; Randall, David; Waterhouse, Mona (eds.). Kumar and Clark's Clinical Medicine (10th ed.). Elsevier. p. 1282. ISBN 978-0-7020-7870-5. Archived from the original on 2021-12-11. Retrieved 2021-12-07.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 "What is Hepatitis D - FAQ | CDC". www.cdc.gov. 3 December 2020. Archived from the original on 5 November 2021. Retrieved 5 December 2021.
  3. ↑ "Hepatitis D | NIDDK". National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Archived from the original on 9 October 2019. Retrieved 10 September 2019.
  4. ↑ "Hepatitis D". web.archive.org. 30 April 2018. Retrieved 12 November 2024.
  5. ↑ Fattovich, G (1 March 2000). "Influence of hepatitis delta virus infection on morbidity and mortality in compensated cirrhosis type B". Gut. 46 (3): 420–426. doi:10.1136/gut.46.3.420.
  6. ↑ "Virus Taxonomy: 2020 Release". International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). March 2021. Archived from the original on 20 March 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2021.
  7. ↑ Poisson F, Roingeard P, Baillou A, Dubois F, Bonelli F, Calogero RA, Goudeau A (November 1993). "Characterization of RNA-binding domains of hepatitis delta antigen". The Journal of General Virology. 74 (Pt 11): 2473–8. doi:10.1099/0022-1317-74-11-2473. PMID 8245865.
  8. ↑ Zuccola HJ, Rozzelle JE, Lemon SM, Erickson BW, Hogle JM (July 1998). "Structural basis of the oligomerization of hepatitis delta antigen". Structure. 6 (7): 821–30. doi:10.1016/S0969-2126(98)00084-7. PMID 9687364.
  9. ↑
    This article incorporates text from the public domain Pfam and InterPro: IPR002506
  10. ↑ Radjef, Nadjia; Gordien, Emmanuel; Ivaniushina, Valeria; Gault, Elyanne; Anaïs, Patricia; Drugan, Tudor; Trinchet, Jean-Claude; Roulot, Dominique; Tamby, Mathieu; Milinkovitch, Michel C.; Dény, Paul (March 2004). "Molecular Phylogenetic Analyses Indicate a Wide and Ancient Radiation of African Hepatitis Delta Virus, Suggesting a Deltavirus Genus of at Least Seven Major Clades". Journal of Virology. 78 (5): 2537–2544. doi:10.1128/JVI.78.5.2537-2544.2004.
  11. ↑ Yan H, Zhong G, Xu G, He W, Jing Z, Gao Z, Huang Y, Qi Y, Peng B, Wang H, Fu L, Song M, Chen P, Gao W, Ren B, Sun Y, Cai T, Feng X, Sui J, Li W (November 2012). "Sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide is a functional receptor for human hepatitis B and D virus". eLife. 1: e00049. doi:10.7554/eLife.00049. PMC 3485615. PMID 23150796.
  12. ↑ Engelke M, Mills K, Seitz S, Simon P, Gripon P, Schnölzer M, Urban S (April 2006). "Characterization of a hepatitis B and hepatitis delta virus receptor binding site". Hepatology. 43 (4): 750–60. doi:10.1002/hep.21112. PMID 16557545. S2CID 23549907.
  13. ↑ Schulze A, Schieck A, Ni Y, Mier W, Urban S (February 2010). "Fine mapping of pre-S sequence requirements for hepatitis B virus large envelope protein-mediated receptor interaction". Journal of Virology. 84 (4): 1989–2000. doi:10.1128/JVI.01902-09. PMC 2812397. PMID 20007265.
  14. ↑ Xia YP, Yeh CT, Ou JH, Lai MM (February 1992). "Characterization of nuclear targeting signal of hepatitis delta antigen: nuclear transport as a protein complex". Journal of Virology. 66 (2): 914–21. doi:10.1128/JVI.66.2.914-921.1992. PMC 240792. PMID 1731113.
  15. ↑ Masood, Umair; John, Savio (2024). "Hepatitis D". StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing.
  16. ↑ "U.S. National Library of Medicine "Delta Agent (hepatitis D)"". Archived from the original on 2014-01-02. Retrieved 2021-10-22.
  17. ↑ Tayor JM (2009). Desk Encyclopedia of Human and Medical Virology. Boston: Academic Press. p. 121. ISBN 978-0-12-375147-8.
  18. ↑ Yurdaydin C, Idilman R (August 2015). "Therapy of Delta Hepatitis". Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine. 5 (10): a021543. doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a021543. PMC 4588130. PMID 26253093.
  19. ↑ Rizzetto M (July 2015). "Hepatitis D Virus: Introduction and Epidemiology". Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine. 5 (7): a021576. doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a021576. PMC 4484953. PMID 26134842.
  20. ↑ Rizzetto M, Canese MG, Aricò S, Crivelli O, Trepo C, Bonino F, Verme G (December 1977). "Immunofluorescence detection of new antigen-antibody system (delta/anti-delta) associated to hepatitis B virus in liver and in serum of HBsAg carriers". Gut. 18 (12): 997–1003. doi:10.1136/gut.18.12.997. PMC 1411847. PMID 75123.
  21. ↑ Rizzetto M, Canese MG, Purcell RH, London WT, Sly LD, Gerin JL (Nov–Dec 1981). "Experimental HBV and delta infections of chimpanzees: occurrence and significance of intrahepatic immune complexes of HBcAg and delta antigen". Hepatology. 1 (6): 567–74. doi:10.1002/hep.1840010602. PMID 7030907. S2CID 83892580.
Retrieved from "https://mdwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Video:Hepatitis_D&oldid=1436733"