Video:Helminthiasis

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Description

Helminthiasis, also known as worm infection,[1] is any disease in which part of the body is infected with parasitic worms. There are numerous types of these worms, which are broadly classified into tapeworms, flukes, and roundworms. They often live in the gastrointestinal tract, but may also burrow into other organs.[2][3]

Type 1

Tapeworm infections include Echinococcosis (Echinococcus infection)[4], Hymenolepiasis (Hymenolepis infection)[5], Taeniasis or cysticercosis (Taenia infection)[6] and Coenurosis (T. multiceps, T. serialis, T. glomerata, as well as T. brauni infection)[7].

Type 2

Roundworm infections include Filariasis (Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi infection) [8], Onchocerciasis (Onchocerca volvulus infection)[9], Soil-transmitted helminthiasis [10], Trichostrongyliasis (Trichostrongylus spp. infection)[11][12][13] and Dracunculiasis (guinea worm infection)[14].

Type 3

Trematode infections include, Amphistomiasis (amphistomes infection),[15] Clonorchiasis (Clonorchis sinensis infection),[16] Fascioliasis (Fasciola infection),[17] Fasciolopsiasis (Fasciolopsis buski infection),[18] Opisthorchiasis (Opisthorchis infection),[19] and Paragonimiasis (Paragonimus infection)[20].

Type 4

And finally, Acanthocephala infection which is via Moniliformis infection[21].

Presentation

Symptoms depend on a number of factors including, the site of the infestation within the body, the type of worm involved; the number of worms and their volume, and the immunological response of the body.[3] Certain worms cause particular constellations of symptoms. For instance, taeniasis can lead to seizures due to neurocysticercosis.[22]

Complications 1

Chronic immune responses to helminthiasis may lead to increased susceptibility to other infections such as tuberculosis, HIV, and malaria.[23][24][25]

Complications 2

Helminths may cause iron-deficiency anemia. This is mostly in heavy hookworm infections, as Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale feed directly on the blood of their hosts. Although the daily consumption of an individual worm is small, the collective consumption under heavy infection can be significant.[26][27]

Transmission

Helminths are spread in several ways. Most commonly this is through eating contaminated vegetables, drinking water, or undercooked meat. Contaminated food may contain worm eggs.[28]

Diagnosis

Specific helminths can be identified through microscopic examination of their eggs (ova) found in faecal samples. The number of eggs is measured in units of eggs per gram.[29] Sophisticated tests such as serological assays, antigen tests, and molecular diagnosis are also available.[29][30]

Differential diagnosis

Other conditions that may present similarly include nutritional deficiencies, cholecystitis, Chron's disease, Loffler syndrome, giardiasis and acute bacterial gastroenteritis, to name but a few.[3]

Prevention

Mass deworming is primarily a preventive measure. It involves the periodic administration of anthelmintic medications to large populations, especially children, in areas were worm infections are common. However, it also serves a treatment function by eliminating existing worm infections in individuals. This dual role makes mass deworming an important public health intervention in certain areas.[31][32][33]

Treatment 1

Broad-spectrum benzimidazoles (such as albendazole and mebendazole) are the first line treatment of intestinal roundworm and tapeworm infections. Macrocyclic lactones (such as ivermectin) are effective against adult and migrating larval stages of nematodes. [34][35]

Treatment 2

If complications of helminthiasis, such as intestinal obstruction occur, emergency surgery may be required.[36]

Epidemiology

Area were worms are most common include the tropics and subtropics of sub-Saharan Africa, central and east Asia, and the Americas.[37]

History

One of the key figures in the discovery and study of helminths was Francesco Redi, an Italian physician . In the seventeenth century, Redi conducted experiments that challenged the prevailing belief in spontaneous generation, demonstrating that parasites such as worms came from eggs laid by adult worms.[38]

References

  1. ↑ "Helminthiasis (Concept Id: C0018889) - MedGen - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Archived from the original on 4 September 2023. Retrieved 2 September 2023.
  2. ↑ Idris, Oladayo Amed; Wintola, Olubunmi Abosede; Afolayan, Anthony Jide (31 January 2019). "Helminthiases; prevalence, transmission, host-parasite interactions, resistance to common synthetic drugs and treatment". Heliyon. 5 (1): e01161. doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01161. ISSN 2405-8440. Archived from the original on 5 August 2024. Retrieved 4 August 2024.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Al Amin, A. S. M.; Wadhwa, Roopma (2024). "Helminthiasis". StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing. Archived from the original on 2023-01-26. Retrieved 2024-07-28.
  4. ↑ "Echinococcosis". www.who.int. Archived from the original on 3 August 2024. Retrieved 1 August 2024.
  5. ↑ "CDC - DPDx - Hymenolepiasis". www.cdc.gov. 5 June 2024. Archived from the original on 16 December 2021. Retrieved 1 August 2024.
  6. ↑ "About Human Tapeworm". Human Tapeworm (Taeniasis). 13 June 2024. Archived from the original on 3 August 2024. Retrieved 1 August 2024.
  7. ↑ "CDC - DPDx - Coenurosis". www.cdc.gov. 14 June 2019. Archived from the original on 28 September 2023. Retrieved 1 August 2024.
  8. ↑ "Lymphatic Filariasis Home | CDC DPD". web.archive.org. 27 May 2010. Archived from the original on 27 May 2010. Retrieved 30 July 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  9. ↑ "WHO | Onchocerciasis". web.archive.org. 16 March 2014. Archived from the original on 16 March 2014. Retrieved 30 July 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  10. ↑ Jourdan, Peter Mark; Lamberton, Poppy H. L.; Fenwick, Alan; Addiss, David G. (20 January 2018). "Soil-transmitted helminth infections". Lancet (London, England). 391 (10117): 252–265. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(17)31930-X. ISSN 1474-547X. Archived from the original on 4 June 2024. Retrieved 7 August 2024.
  11. ↑ Garcia LS, editor. Diagnostic Medical Parasitology. 5 ed. Washington, DC: ASM Press; 2007.
  12. ↑ Ralph, Anna; OˈSullivan, Matthew V N; Sangster, Nicholas C; Walker, John C (May 2006). "Abdominal pain and eosinophilia in suburban goat keepers — trichostrongylosis". Medical Journal of Australia. 184 (9): 467–469. doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.2006.tb00321.x. S2CID 79616223.
  13. ↑ Strickland GT, editor. Hunter's Tropical Medicine and Emerging Infectious Diseases. 8 ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders Company; 2000.
  14. ↑ "Dracunculiasis (guinea-worm disease)". www.who.int. Archived from the original on 18 April 2018. Retrieved 31 July 2024.
  15. ↑ Rajkumari, Nonika (2022). "Amphistomiasis". Textbook of Parasitic Zoonoses. Springer Nature. pp. 293–300. ISBN 978-981-16-7204-0. Archived from the original on 2024-08-02. Retrieved 2024-08-02.
  16. ↑ "CDC - DPDx - Clonorchiasis". www.cdc.gov. 6 June 2019. Archived from the original on 5 August 2024. Retrieved 2 August 2024.
  17. ↑ Mas-Coma, S.; Bargues, M. D.; Valero, M. A. (October 2005). "Fascioliasis and other plant-borne trematode zoonoses". International Journal for Parasitology. 35 (11–12): 1255–1278. doi:10.1016/j.ijpara.2005.07.010. ISSN 0020-7519. Archived from the original on 2024-04-22. Retrieved 2024-08-02.
  18. ↑ "CDC - DPDx - Fasciolopsiasis". www.cdc.gov. 5 June 2024. Archived from the original on 25 July 2024. Retrieved 2 August 2024.
  19. ↑ "CDC - DPDx - Opisthorchiasis". www.cdc.gov. 21 January 2019. Archived from the original on 3 March 2023. Retrieved 2 August 2024.
  20. ↑ Chai, Jong-Yil (2013). "Paragonimiasis". Handbook of Clinical Neurology. 114: 283–296. doi:10.1016/B978-0-444-53490-3.00023-6. ISBN 9780444534903. ISSN 0072-9752. PMID 23829919. S2CID 243875468. Archived from the original on 2022-11-12. Retrieved 2023-01-30.
  21. ↑ Mathison, Blaine A.; Mehta, Ninad; Couturier, Marc Roger. "Human Acanthocephaliasis: a Thorn in the Side of Parasite Diagnostics". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 59 (11): e02691–20. doi:10.1128/JCM.02691-20. ISSN 0095-1137. Archived from the original on 2024-08-12. Retrieved 2024-08-07.
  22. ↑ Del Brutto OH (2012). "Neurocysticercosis: a review". TheScientificWorldJournal. 2012: 159821. doi:10.1100/2012/159821. PMC 3261519. PMID 22312322.
  23. ↑ van Riet E, Hartgers FC, Yazdanbakhsh M (2007). "Chronic helminth infections induce immunomodulation: consequences and mechanisms". Immunobiology. 212 (6): 475–90. doi:10.1016/j.imbio.2007.03.009. PMID 17544832.
  24. ↑ Mkhize-Kwitshana ZL, Mabaso MH (June 2012). "Status of medical parasitology in South Africa: new challenges and missed opportunities". Trends in Parasitology. 28 (6): 217–9. doi:10.1016/j.pt.2012.03.005. PMID 22525798.
  25. ↑ Borkow G, Bentwich Z (2000). "Eradication of helminthic infections may be essential for successful vaccination against HIV and tuberculosis". Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 78 (11): 1368–9. doi:10.1590/S0042-96862000001100013 (inactive 31 May 2021). PMC 2560630. PMID 11143198. Archived from the original on 21 September 2018. Retrieved 1 September 2021.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of May 2021 (link)
  26. ↑ "Parasitic infection" (PDF). WHO. Retrieved 23 August 2024.
  27. ↑ Watkins, William E.; Pollitt, Ernesto (March 1997). ""Stupidity or worms": Do intestinal worms impair mental performance?". Psychological Bulletin. 121 (2): 171–191. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.121.2.171. ISSN 1939-1455.
  28. ↑ Baron S (1996). "87 (Helminths: Pathogenesis and Defenses by Wakelin D". Medical Microbiology (4 ed.). Galveston (TX): The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston. ISBN 978-0963117212. PMID 21413312. Archived from the original on 2020-12-16. Retrieved 2021-09-01.
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 Crompton DW, Savioli L (2007). Handbook of Helminthiasis for Public Health. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, US. pp. 1–362. ISBN 9781420004946.
  30. ↑ Lustigman, Sara; Prichard, Roger K.; Gazzinelli, Andrea; Grant, Warwick N.; Boatin, Boakye A.; McCarthy, James S.; Basáñez, María-Gloria (24 April 2012). "A Research Agenda for Helminth Diseases of Humans: The Problem of Helminthiases". PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 6 (4): e1582. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0001582. ISSN 1935-2727.
  31. ↑ "Deworming in children". www.who.int. Retrieved 28 August 2024.
  32. ↑ "WHO publishes recommendations for large-scale deworming to improve children's health and nutrition". www.who.int.
  33. ↑ Welch, Vivian A.; Ghogomu, Elizabeth; Hossain, Alomgir; Riddle, Alison; Gaffey, Michelle; Arora, Paul; Dewidar, Omar; Salam, Rehana; Cousens, Simon; Black, Robert; Hollingsworth, T. Déirdre; Horton, Sue; Tugwell, Peter; Bundy, Donald; Castro, Mary Christine; Elliott, Alison; Friis, Henrik; Le, Huong T.; Liu, Chengfang; Rousham, Emily K.; Rohner, Fabian; King, Charles; Sartono, Erliyani; Supali, Taniawati; Steinmann, Peter; Webb, Emily; Wieringa, Franck; Winnichagoon, Pattanee; Yazdanbakhsh, Maria; Bhutta, Zulfiqar A.; Wells, George (20 November 2019). "Mass deworming for improving health and cognition of children in endemic helminth areas: A systematic review and individual participant data network meta‐analysis". Campbell Systematic Reviews. 15 (4): e1058. doi:10.1002/cl2.1058. ISSN 1891-1803.
  34. ↑ "Anthelmintics". Drugs.com. Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 17 November 2014.
  35. ↑ "Overview of Anthelmintics". The Merck Veterinary Manual. Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp. Archived from the original on 1 November 2014. Retrieved 17 November 2014.
  36. ↑ Madiba, T. E.; Hadley, G. P. (February 1996). "Surgical management of worm volvulus". South African Journal of Surgery. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Chirurgie. 34 (1): 33–35, discussion 35–36. ISSN 0038-2361. Retrieved 28 August 2024.
  37. ↑ "Global Summit on Soil-Transmitted Helminthiasis!". www.who.int. Archived from the original on 12 August 2024. Retrieved 6 August 2024.
  38. ↑ Hawgood, Barbara J. (February 2003). "Francesco Redi (1626-1697): Tuscan philosopher, physician and poet". Journal of Medical Biography. 11 (1): 28–34. doi:10.1177/096777200301100108. ISSN 0967-7720. Retrieved 27 August 2024.
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