Video:Haemophilus influenzae infection
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Description
Haemophilus influenzae infection is a vaccine-preventable disease caused by the bacteria Haemophilus influenzae, usually of type B.[1][2]
Background
Prior to the introduction of vaccination, it was the most common cause of bacterial meningitis in very young children.[2] In countries where the vaccine is part of an immunization programme, serious Haemophilus influenzae disease is rare.[3]
Types1
It typically results in a fever. There may be ear pain in ear infections[4]
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Types2
or a cough and breathlessness in bronchitis or pneumonia.[4]
Types3
It may also cause epiglottitis, an inflammation of the flap at the base of the tongue that prevents food entering the windpipe.[4][5][6]
Types4
Symptoms are usually rapid in onset and include trouble swallowing which can result in drooling, changes to the voice, fever, and an increased breathing rate.[5] Other symptoms may include tiredness and confusion in sepsis, or headache, stiff neck, and photophobia in meningitis.[7]
Cause and mechanism
Haemophilus influenzae is spread by breathing in or having contact with respiratory droplets from either a sick or healthy person who carries the bacteria in their nose or throat.[8]
Risk factors
Children under the age of five years, adults over 65 years, people from Alaska, American Indians and people with weakened immune systems, HIV, sickle cell disease, and no spleen, are at higher risk of disease.[8]
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Diagnosis
Diagnosis is by isolating the organism, usually by testing of blood, urine, or cerebrospinal fluid.[9] Other tests may include chest X-ray.[4]
Prevention
A safe and effective vaccine against Hib has been available since the 1980s.[2] Close contacts may benefit from antibiotics to prevent being infected.[4][10] Breast feeding has been shown to be protective.[4]
Treatment
Treatment is with antibiotics and correcting oxygen and blood pressure, with attention to wound care.[9] Typically used antibiotics include cefotaxime, ceftriaxone and cefuroxime.[4] Collections of pus may need surgical draining.[4]
Epidemiology
Early treatment usually leads to full recovery.[4] However, 1 in 20 people with haemophilus B meningitis may die, and of those that survive, up to 30% may have long term complications such as hearing loss, visual loss and developmental delay.[4] In groups that are not immunised, Hib is responsible for 95% of all severe infections.[11] Globally, it causes 3 million episodes of serious disease and 4 hundred thousand deaths a year.[11]
References
- ↑ "About Haemophilus influenzae | CDC". www.cdc.gov. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 18 March 2021. Archived from the original on 10 November 2021. Retrieved 22 December 2021.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Heininger, Ulrich (2021). "19. Haemophilus influenza Type b (Hib) vaccines". In Vesikari, Timo; Damme, Pierre Van (eds.). Pediatric Vaccines and Vaccinations: A European Textbook (2nd ed.). Switzerland: Springer. pp. 195–206. ISBN 978-3-030-77172-0. Archived from the original on 2023-10-20. Retrieved 2023-09-27.
- ↑ Barlow, Gavin; Irving, William L.; Moss, Peter J. (2020). "20. Infectious disease". In Feather, Adam; Randall, David; Waterhouse, Mona (eds.). Kumar and Clark's Clinical Medicine (10th ed.). Elsevier. p. 545. ISBN 978-0-7020-7870-5. Archived from the original on 2022-01-11. Retrieved 2021-12-22.
- ↑ 4.00 4.01 4.02 4.03 4.04 4.05 4.06 4.07 4.08 4.09 Yeh, Sylvia H. (2022). "4. Haemophilus influenzae Type B". In Jong, Elaine C.; Stevens, Dennis L. (eds.). Netter's Infectious Diseases (2nd ed.). Elsevier. pp. 16–19. ISBN 978-0-323-71159-3. Archived from the original on 2023-07-01. Retrieved 2023-06-15.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Richards, AM (February 2016). "Pediatric Respiratory Emergencies". Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America. 34 (1): 77–96. doi:10.1016/j.emc.2015.08.006. PMID 26614243.
- ↑ Zoorob, R; Sidani, MA; Fremont, RD; Kihlberg, C (1 November 2012). "Antibiotic use in acute upper respiratory tract infections". American Family Physician. 86 (9): 817–22. PMID 23113461.
- ↑ "Symptoms of Haemophilus influenzae | CDC". www.cdc.gov. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 18 March 2021. Archived from the original on 11 April 2021. Retrieved 22 December 2021.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 "Haemophilus influenzae: Causes and Transmission | CDC". www.cdc.gov. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 18 March 2021. Archived from the original on 11 January 2022. Retrieved 22 December 2021.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 "Haemophilus influenzae: Diagnosis and Treatment | CDC". www.cdc.gov. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 18 March 2021. Archived from the original on 11 January 2022. Retrieved 22 December 2021.
- ↑ "Preventing Haemophilus influenzae | CDC". www.cdc.gov. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 18 March 2021. Archived from the original on 10 November 2021. Retrieved 22 December 2021.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 "Factsheet about Invasive Haemophilus influenzae disease". European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Archived from the original on 7 November 2021. Retrieved 22 December 2021.