Video:Fungal infection
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Description
Fungal infection, also known as mycosis, is disease caused by fungi.[1][2]
Types
Types may be divided according to whether the infection is in the skin, just under the skin, or affecting deep tissue.[3]
Signs and symptoms (superficial)
A fungal infection in skin typically presents with a rash and includes common tinea infections, such as tinea of the body[4][5]
Groin
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Hands
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Feet
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Beard
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Head
P. versicolor
and yeast infections such as pityriasis versicolor.[4][5]
Signs and symptoms (subcut)
Fungal infection under the skin includes eumycetoma and chromoblastomycosis.[6][5] These may present with a lump and skin changes.[3]
Signs and symptoms (deep)
Systemic fungal infections are more serious, and often present with pneumonia, meningitis and deep tissue damage.[4][3] They include cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis,[4][3]
Pneumocystis pneumonia
aspergillosis, pneumocystis pneumonia,[4][3]
Mucormycosis
and mucormycosis.[4][3]
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Other
Some fungal infections may not always be clearly categorised.[3] Candida albicans can live in people without producing symptoms, and is able to cause both mild candidiasis in healthy people and severe invasive candidiasis in those who cannot fight infection themselves.[3][5]
Cause
Infection typically occurs after fungal spores are either breathed in, come into contact with skin or enter the body through the skin such as via a cut, wound or injection, or spread through blood.[2][3][7] A fungal infection is rarely passed from person to person.[7]
Risk factors1
Those at increased risk of infection include individuals with a weakened immune system, on medicines that suppress the immune system such as steroids, cancer treatments or medicines needed after organ transplant, in a condition that causes immunodeficiency such as HIV/AIDS, if there is a medical device such as an artificial joint or heart valve, or in someone who has a long stay in intensive care.[8][9]
Risk factors2
Taking antibiotics may allow a fungi normally present in the body to overgrow and cause infection.[7]
Diagnosis
Diagnosis is generally by clinical features and confirmed by culture and microscopical examination of a sample such as sputum, blood, or a sample from the lungs or other tissue by biopsy.[7]
Treatment
Treatment generally involves antifungal medicines, usually in the form of a cream, applied to skin, vagina or mouth.[7] More serious fungal infection may require medicines by mouth or injection.[10] Some require several months of treatment and surgically cutting out infected tissue.[3][7]
Epidemiology
Worldwide, fungal infections affect more than one billion people every year.[11] An estimated 1 point 7 million deaths from fungal disease were reported in 2020.[12] Several are neglected tropical diseases.[13]
References
- ↑ "ICD-11 - ICD-11 for Mortality and Morbidity Statistics". icd.who.int. Archived from the original on 1 August 2018. Retrieved 25 May 2021.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Richardson, Malcolm D.; Warnock, David W. (2012). "1. Introduction". Fungal Infection: Diagnosis and Management (4th ed.). John Wiley & Sons. pp. 1–7. ISBN 978-1-4051-7056-7. Archived from the original on 2021-08-28. Retrieved 2021-08-17.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 Barlow, Gavin; Irving, Irving; moss, Peter J. (2020). "20. Infectious diseases". In Feather, Adam; Randall, David; Waterhouse, Mona (eds.). Kumar and Clark's Clinical Medicine (10th ed.). Elsevier. pp. 559–563. ISBN 978-0-7020-7870-5. Archived from the original on 2021-06-24. Retrieved 2021-06-13.
- ↑ 4.00 4.01 4.02 4.03 4.04 4.05 4.06 4.07 4.08 4.09 4.10 "Fungal Diseases Homepage | CDC". www.cdc.gov. 29 March 2021. Archived from the original on 29 May 2021. Retrieved 12 June 2021.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 Kutzner, Heinz; Kempf, Werner; Feit, Josef; Sangueza, Omar (2021). "2. Fungal infections". Atlas of Clinical Dermatopathology: Infectious and Parasitic Dermatoses. Hoboken: Wiley Blackwell. p. 77-108. ISBN 978-1-119-64706-5. Archived from the original on 2021-06-10. Retrieved 2021-05-29.
- ↑ Johnstone, Ronald B. (2017). "25. Mycoses and Algal infections". Weedon's Skin Pathology Essentials (2nd ed.). Elsevier. pp. 438–465. ISBN 978-0-7020-6830-0. Archived from the original on 2023-07-01. Retrieved 2023-06-15.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 Revankar, Sanjay G. (April 2021). "Overview of Fungal Infections - Infections". MSD Manual Consumer Version. Archived from the original on 2 September 2021. Retrieved 2 September 2021.
- ↑ Seagle, Emma E.; Williams, Samantha L.; Chiller, Tom L. (2021). "Recent trends in the epidemiology of fungal infections". In Ostrosky-Zeichner, Luis (ed.). Fungal Infections, An Issue of Infectious Disease Clinics of North America. Philadelphia: Elsevier. pp. 237–238. ISBN 978-0-323-81294-8. Archived from the original on 2021-09-03. Retrieved 2021-09-03.
- ↑ "Fungal Infections | Fungal | CDC". www.cdc.gov. 29 January 2019. Archived from the original on 9 January 2019. Retrieved 16 June 2021.
- ↑ Graininger, Wolfgang; Diab-Elschahawi, Magda; Presterl, Elisabeth (2019). "3. Antifungal agents". In Elisabeth Presterl (ed.). Clinically Relevant Mycoses: A Practical Approach. Springer. pp. 31–44. ISBN 978-3-319-92299-7. Archived from the original on 2021-06-02. Retrieved 2021-05-31.
- ↑ Nakazato, Gerson; Alesandra, Audrey; Lonni, Stringhen Garcia; Panagio, Luciano Aparecido; de Camargo, Larissa Ciappina; Goncalves, Marcelly Chue; Reis, Guilherne Fonseca; Miranda-Sapla, Milena Menegazzo; Tomiotto-Pellissier, Fernanda; Kobayashi, Renata Katsuko Takayama (2020). "4. Applications of nanometals in cutaneous infections". In Rai, Mahendra (ed.). Nanotechnology in Skin, Soft Tissue, and Bone Infections. Switzerland: Springer. ISBN 978-3-030-35146-5. Archived from the original on 2021-06-24. Retrieved 2021-05-26.
- ↑ Kainz, Katharina; Bauer, Maria A.; Madeo, Frank; Carmona-Gutierrez, Didac (1 June 2020). "Fungal infections in humans: the silent crisis". Microbial Cell. 7 (6): 143–145. doi:10.15698/mic2020.06.718. ISSN 2311-2638. PMID 32548176. Archived from the original on 28 August 2021. Retrieved 20 June 2021.
- ↑ Queiroz-Telles, Flavio; Fahal, Ahmed Hassan; Falci, Diego R.; Caceres, Diego H.; Chiller, Tom; Pasqualotto, Alessandro C. (1 November 2017). "Neglected endemic mycoses". The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 17 (11): e367–e377. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(17)30306-7. ISSN 1473-3099. Archived from the original on 28 August 2021. Retrieved 29 May 2021.