Video:Filariasis

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Description

Filariasis is a parasitic disease caused by an infection with roundworms of the Filarioidea type.[1] These are spread by blood-feeding insects such as black flies and mosquitoes. They belong to the group of diseases called helminthiases. [1][2]Nonspecific symptoms include headache, fever, chills, and general malaise.[2] The recommended treatment for people outside the United States is albendazole combined with ivermectin.[3][4]

Group 1

Eight known filarial worms have humans as a definitive host[5][6], and are divided into three groups according to the part of the body they affect. Lymphatic filariasis is caused by the worms Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi, and Brugia timori. These worms occupy the lymphatic system, including the lymph nodes; in chronic cases, these worms lead to the syndrome of elephantiasis.[7][8]

Group 2

Subcutaneous filariasis is caused by Loa loa, and Onchocerca volvulus. These worms occupy the layer just under the skin. L. loa causes Loa loa filariasis, while O. volvulus causes river blindness.[9][10][11][12]

Group 3

Serous cavity filariasis is caused by the worms Mansonella perstans and Mansonella ozzardi, which occupy the serous cavity of the abdomen.[13][14][15]

Presentation

Among the possible symptoms are lymphangitis and lymphadenitis with headache, fever, and chills.[2]

Complications

In terms of complications we find the following, Tropical pulmonary eosinophilia, Filarial arthritis, and Filarial-associated immune complex glomerulonephritis.[2]

Cause

In terms of the etiology it would depend which of the three groups is involved, we find that some of the causes of Filariasis could be due to Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi, and Brugia timori. Its transmission is done via five genera of mosquitoes.[2]

Mechanism

Human filarial nematode worms have complicated life cycles, which primarily consists of five stages. After the male and female worms mate, the female gives birth to live microfilariae by the thousands. The microfilariae are taken up by the vector insect during a blood meal. In the intermediate host, the microfilariae molt and develop into third-stage larvae. Upon taking another blood meal, the vector insect, injects the infectious larvae into the dermis layer of the skin. After some time, the larvae molt through two more stages, maturing into the adult worms.[2][16]

Diagnosis

Filariasis is usually diagnosed by identifying microfilariae on Giemsa stained, thin and thick blood film smears, using the "gold standard" known as the finger prick test. [17][11][2][18]

Differential diagnosis

As for the differential diagnosis for Filariasis we find, lymphoma, testicular neoplasms, pelvic malignancy and zoonotic filariasis.[2]

Treatment

The recommended treatment for people outside the United States is albendazole combined with ivermectin.[3][4] A combination of diethylcarbamazine and albendazole is also effective.[3][19]

Epidemiology

Filariasis affects 120 million people worldwide, primarily in Africa, the Western Pacific, South America, and the Caribbean. [2]

Other animals

Filariasis can also affect certain animals, such as cattle, sheep, and dogs.[20][21] Heart filariasis which affects dogs, is caused by Dirofilaria immitis.[22]

History

In 2015 William C. Campbell and Satoshi Ōmura were co-awarded that year's Nobel prize in Physiology or Medicine for the discovery of the drug avermectin, which, in the further developed form ivermectin, has decreased the occurrence of lymphatic filariasis.[23]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Center for Disease Control and Prevention. "Lymphatic Filariasis". Archived from the original on 27 May 2010. Retrieved 18 July 2010.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 Newman, Thomas E.; Juergens, Andrew L. (2024). "Filariasis". StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 The Carter Center, Lymphatic Filariasis Elimination Program, archived from the original on 20 July 2008, retrieved 2008-07-17
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 U.S. Centers for Disease Control, Lymphatic Filariasis Treatment, archived from the original on 4 May 2010, retrieved 2008-07-17
  5. ↑ "Lymphatic filariasis". www.who.int. Archived from the original on 17 October 2019. Retrieved 11 August 2024.
  6. ↑ "About Lymphatic Filariasis". Filarial Worms. 5 June 2024. Retrieved 11 August 2024.
  7. ↑ "Lymphatic filariasis | About the Disease | GARD". rarediseases.info.nih.gov. Archived from the original on 15 June 2024. Retrieved 6 August 2024.
  8. ↑ Medeiros, Zulma M.; Vieira, Amanda V. B.; Xavier, Amanda T.; Bezerra, Gilberto S. N.; Lopes, Maria de Fátima C.; Bonfim, Cristine V.; Aguiar-Santos, Ana M. (January 2022). "Lymphatic Filariasis: A Systematic Review on Morbidity and Its Repercussions in Countries in the Americas". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 19 (1). doi:10.3390/ijerph19010316. Archived from the original on 12 August 2024. Retrieved 9 August 2024.
  9. ↑ Akue, Jean Paul; Eyang-Assengone, Elsa-Rush; Dieki, Roland (3 April 2018). "Loa loa infection detection using biomarkers: current perspectives". Research and Reports in Tropical Medicine. 9: 43–48. doi:10.2147/RRTM.S132380. ISSN 1179-7282. Archived from the original on 17 June 2024. Retrieved 6 August 2024.
  10. ↑ Bamuhiiga, Jotham T. (1998). "Mansonella Streptocerca: Another Filarial Worm in the Skin in Western Uganda". Community Eye Health Journal. 11 (26): 28. PMC 1706049. PMID 17492030.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Metzger, Wolfram Gottfried; Mordmüller, Benjamin (April 2014). "Loa loa—does it deserve to be neglected?". The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 14 (4): 353–357. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(13)70263-9. Archived from the original on 20 August 2024. Retrieved 20 August 2024.
  12. ↑ "WHO | The 17 neglected tropical diseases". web.archive.org. 22 February 2014. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 20 August 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  13. ↑ Wysmołek, Magdalena Elżbieta; Długosz, Ewa; Wiśniewski, Marcin (January 2022). "The Immunological Role of Vascular and Lymphatic Endothelial Cells in Filarial Infections". Animals. 12 (4): 426. doi:10.3390/ani12040426. ISSN 2076-2615. Archived from the original on 11 July 2024. Retrieved 14 August 2024.
  14. ↑ Simonsen, Paul E.; Onapa, Ambrose W.; Asio, Santa Maria (1 September 2011). "Mansonella perstans filariasis in Africa". Acta Tropica. 120: S109–S120. doi:10.1016/j.actatropica.2010.01.014. ISSN 0001-706X.
  15. ↑ Lima, Nathália F.; Veggiani Aybar, Cecilia A.; Dantur Juri, María J.; Ferreira, Marcelo U. (May 2016). "Mansonella ozzardi: a neglected New World filarial nematode". Pathogens and Global Health. 110 (3): 97–107. doi:10.1080/20477724.2016.1190544. ISSN 2047-7724. Archived from the original on 20 August 2024. Retrieved 19 August 2024.
  16. ↑ "Filariasis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology". eMedicine. 2 February 2023. Archived from the original on 6 October 2017. Retrieved 22 August 2024.
  17. ↑ Mendoza, Natalia; Li, Alexa; Gill, Amber; Tyring, Stephen (November 2009). "Filariasis: diagnosis and treatment". Dermatologic Therapy. 22 (6): 475–490. doi:10.1111/j.1529-8019.2009.01271.x. Archived from the original on 2 November 2022. Retrieved 7 August 2024.
  18. ↑ Mathison, Blaine A.; Couturier, Marc Roger; Pritt, Bobbi S. (24 September 2019). "Diagnostic Identification and Differentiation of Microfilariae". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 57 (10): e00706–19. doi:10.1128/JCM.00706-19. ISSN 0095-1137. Archived from the original on 27 May 2024. Retrieved 23 August 2024.
  19. ↑ Taylor MJ, Hoerauf A, Bockarie M (October 2010). "Lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis". Lancet. 376 (9747): 1175–85. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(10)60586-7. PMID 20739055. S2CID 29589578.
  20. ↑ Megat Abd Rani, Puteri Azaziah; Irwin, Peter J.; Gatne, Mukulesh; Coleman, Glen T.; McInnes, Linda M.; Traub, Rebecca J. (8 April 2010). "A survey of canine filarial diseases of veterinary and public health significance in India". Parasites & Vectors. 3 (1): 30. doi:10.1186/1756-3305-3-30. ISSN 1756-3305. Archived from the original on 12 August 2024. Retrieved 11 August 2024.
  21. ↑ "Clinical and Laboratory Aspects of Filariasis" (PDF). NIH. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 August 2024. Retrieved 17 August 2024.
  22. ↑ "About Dirofilariasis". Dirofilariasis. 10 May 2024. Archived from the original on 12 August 2024. Retrieved 8 August 2024.
  23. ↑ Andersson J, Forssberg H, Zierath JR (5 October 2015), "Avermectin and Artemisinin - Revolutionary Therapies against Parasitic Diseases" (PDF), The Nobel Assembly at Karolinska Institutet, archived (PDF) from the original on 5 October 2015, retrieved 5 October 2015
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