Video:Ehrlichiosis
| Ehrlichiosis (Tutorial) | |
|---|---|
| Commons / NC | |
 | |
| Steps for video creation | |
| Step 1 | Preview my changes (10 sec) |
| Step 2 | Upload to Commons (10 min) |
Description
Ehrlichiosis is a tick-borne infection, caused by bacteria of the Ehrlichia and Anaplasma type. These obligate intracellular bacteria infect and kill white blood cells.[1][2]Treatment is typically with doxycycline or minocycline.[3] Ehrlichiosis affects about 2 (point) 3 per million people a year.[3] With E. chaffeensis the risk of death or hospitalization rates were 1 (point) 9 percent and 49 percent respectively.[4]
Presentation
Specific symptoms include fever, chills, severe headaches, muscle aches, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, loss of appetite, confusion, and a splotchy or pinpoint rash.[5]
Complications
In terms of the complications associated with Ehrlichiosis we find that immunocompromised individuals are most at risk and may have an issue with, bleeding, respiratory failure, kidney failure and septic shock.[4]
_(2281769065).jpg)
Cause
Six species cause human infection, they are : Anaplasma phagocytophilum , Ehrlichia ewingii , Ehrlichia chaffeensis .Ehrlichia canis, Neorickettsia sennetsu and Ehrlichia muris eauclairensis.[6][7]
.png)
Transmission
In terms of transmission we find Ehrlichiosis is primarily transmitted through the bite of an infected tick. The most common carriers are the lone star tick Amblyomma americanum and the blacklegged tick Ixodes scapularis. These ticks become infected after feeding on animals like deer, dogs, or coyotes that carry the bacteria.[8][4]
Mechanism
Most of the presentation of ehrlichiosis can likely be ascribed to the immune dysregulation that it causes. A "toxic shock-like" syndrome is seen in some severe cases of ehrlichiosis. Some cases can present with purpura and in one such case, the organisms were present in such overwhelming numbers that in 1991, Dr. Aileen Marty of the AFIP was able to demonstrate the bacteria in human tissues using standard stains, and later proved that the organisms were indeed Ehrlichia using immunoperoxidase stains.[9]Experiments in NIH models further support this hypothesis, as mice lacking Tumor necrosis factor-alpha receptors are resistant to liver injury caused by Ehrlichia infection.[10]
Diagnosis
In terms of the diagnosis of Ehrlichiosis we find that a blood test is done to ascertain if the individual is infected with this illness[11]
Differential diagnosis
The differential diagnosis finds the following, for an individual suspected of having Ehrlichiosis: endocarditis, hepatitis, Leptospirosis,Q fever,Toxic shock syndrome,Tick-borne diseases and Neisseria meningitidis.[12]
Prevention
Measures of tick bite prevention include staying out of tall grassy areas that ticks tend to live in, treating clothes and gear that a tick could jump on, using EPA approved bug repellent, tick checks for all humans, animals, and gear that potentially came into contact with , and finally showering soon after having been in an area that ticks might have been in.[13]
Treatment
Doxycycline and minocycline are the medications of choice. For people allergic to antibiotics of the tetracycline class, rifampin is an alternative.[3]
Epidemiology
Ehrlichiosis is a nationally notifiable disease in the United States. Cases have been reported in every month of the year, but most cases are reported during April to September.[14][15][16] These months are also the peak months for tick activity in the United States.[7] The states affected most include "the southeastern and south-central United States, from the East Coast extending westward to Texas."[7]
History
Ehrlichiosis was first observed by German microbiologist Paul Ehrlich in the nineteenth century. He was credited with discovering the microbiological agent responsible for Ehrlichiosis, which was later named Ehrlichia.[17]
References
- ↑ "Ehrlichiosis". Division of Vector-Borne Diseases (DVBD), National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases (NCEZID), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 15 November 2013. Archived from the original on 1 October 2018. Retrieved 27 February 2023.
- ↑ Dawson, Jacqueline E.; Marty, Aileen M. (1997). "Ehrlichiosis". In Horsburgh, C.R.; Nelson, A.M. (eds.). Pathology of emerging Infections. Vol. 1. American Society for Microbiology Press. ISBN 1555811205.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Goddard J (September 1, 2008). "What Is New With Ehrlichiosis?". Infections in Medicine.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Snowden, Jessica; Simonsen, Kari A. (2025). "Ehrlichiosis". StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing. PMID 28722995. Archived from the original on 2024-11-20. Retrieved 2025-01-09.
- ↑ Baker, Meghan; Yokoe, Deborah S.; Stelling, John; Kaganov, Rebecca E.; Letourneau, Alyssa R.; O'Brien, Thomas; Kulldorff, Martin; Babalola, Damilola; Barrett, Craig; Drees, Marci; Platt, Richard (2015). "Automated Outbreak Detection of Hospital-Associated Infections". Open Forum Infectious Diseases. 2 (suppl_1). doi:10.1093/ofid/ofv131.60. ISSN 2328-8957.
- ↑ Dumler JS, Madigan JE, Pusterla N, Bakken JS (July 2007). "Ehrlichioses in humans: epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment". Clin. Infect. Dis. 45 (Suppl 1): S45–51. doi:10.1086/518146. PMID 17582569.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 CDC (2021-08-04). "Ehrlichiosis epidemiology and statistics | CDC". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Archived from the original on 2021-03-19. Retrieved 2021-11-03.
- ↑ "Transmission of the bacteria which cause ehrlichiosis | CDC". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 17 January 2019. Archived from the original on 29 November 2022. Retrieved 11 May 2023.
- ↑ Marty AM, Dumler JS, Imes G, Brusman HP, Smrkovski LL, Frisman DM (August 1995). "Ehrlichiosis mimicking thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Case report and pathological correlation". Hum. Pathol. 26 (8): 920–5. doi:10.1016/0046-8177(95)90017-9. PMID 7635455.
- ↑ McBride JW, Walker DH (2011). "Molecular and cellular pathobiology of Ehrlichia infection: targets for new therapeutics and immunomodulation strategies". Expert Rev Mol Med. 13: e3. doi:10.1017/S1462399410001730. PMC 3767467. PMID 21276277.
- ↑ "Diagnosis and testing of ehrlichiosis | CDC". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 17 January 2019. Archived from the original on 30 September 2022. Retrieved 11 May 2023.
- ↑ Snowden, Jessica; Simonsen, Kari A. (2024). "Ehrlichiosis". StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing. PMID 28722995. Archived from the original on 2024-11-20. Retrieved 2025-01-09.
- ↑ CDC (2020-07-01). "Preventing tick bites on people | CDC". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Archived from the original on 2021-07-29. Retrieved 2021-12-02.
- ↑ Dahlgren FS, Heitman KN, Drexler NA, Massung RF, Behravesh CB. "Human granulocytic anaplasmosis in the United States from 2008 to 2012: a summary of national surveillance data". Am J Trop Med Hyg 2015;93:66–72. Archived 2021-11-12 at archive.today
- ↑ Drexler, Naomi A.; Dahlgren, F. Scott; Heitman, Kristen Nichols; Massung, Robert F.; Paddock, Christopher D.; Behravesh, Casey Barton (2016-01-06). "National Surveillance of Spotted Fever Group Rickettsioses in the United States, 2008-2012". The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 94 (1): 26–34. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.15-0472. ISSN 1476-1645. PMC 4710440. PMID 26324732.
- ↑ Nichols Heitman, Kristen; Dahlgren, F. Scott; Drexler, Naomi A.; Massung, Robert F.; Behravesh, Casey Barton (2016-01-06). "Increasing Incidence of Ehrlichiosis in the United States: A Summary of National Surveillance of Ehrlichia chaffeensis and Ehrlichia ewingii Infections in the United States, 2008-2012". The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 94 (1): 52–60. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.15-0540. ISSN 1476-1645. PMC 4710445. PMID 26621561.
- ↑ Walker, David H.; Dumler, J. Stephen (1996). "Emergence of the Ehrlichioses as Human Health Problems - Volume 2, Number 1—January 1996 - Emerging Infectious Diseases journal - CDC". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2 (1): 18–29. doi:10.3201/eid0201.960102. PMC 2639805. PMID 8903194. Archived from the original on 2024-12-20. Retrieved 2025-01-09.