Video:Cyclosporiasis
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Description
Cyclosporiasis is a disease caused by infection with Cyclospora cayetanensis, a pathogenic protozoan transmitted by feces or feces-contaminated food and water.[1] The infection is often treated with trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, also known as Bactrim or co-trimoxazole.[2]
Presentation
Symptoms include diarrhea, loss of appetite, weight loss, abdominal bloating , nausea, fatigue, and fever. [3][4]
Complications
In terms of the complications of Cyclosporiasis we find, malabsorption, cholecystitis, and reactive arthritis.[5]
Cyclosporiasis and AIDS
At the beginning of the AIDS epidemic in the early nineteen eighties, cyclosporiasis was identified as an important opportunistic infections among those individuals with AIDS .[6]
Cause
Cyclospora cayetanensis is a coccidian parasite that causes a diarrheal disease called cyclosporiasis in humans and possibly in other primates. Originally reported as a novel pathogen of probable coccidian nature in 1980.[6]
Mechanism
When an oocyst of Cyclospora cayetanensis enters the small intestine, it invades the mucosa, where it incubates for about one week. After incubation, the infected person begins to experience symptoms.[7][8]
Diagnosis
Methods have been established for positive diagnosis of the protozoan which are, microscopic detection in stool samples of oocysts, recovering oocysts in intestinal fluid-small bowel biopsy specimens, demonstration of oocyst sporulation, and amplification by polymerase chain reaction of C. cayetanensis DNA. One negative result should not discount the possibility of C. cayetanensis, tests involving fresh stool samples over the next few days should also be considered.[9][4][10]
Differential diagnosis
In terms of the differential diagnosis for Cyclosporiasis we find, Giardia, Cryptosporidium parvum, Salmonella, Shigella, Campylobacter, and norovirus.[11]
Treatment
Most people who have healthy immune systems will recover without treatment, however, the illness may last for a few days to a month or longer.[12]If needed the infection can be treated with trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, also known as Bactrim or co-trimoxazole.[2]
Epidemiology
Although it was initially thought that Cyclospora was confined to tropical and subtropical regions, occurrences of cyclosporiasis are becoming more frequent in North America. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, there have been 11 documented cyclosporiasis outbreaks in the U.S. and Canada since the 1990s. The CDC also recorded more than one thousand laboratory-confirmed sporadic instances of cyclosporiasis.[13]
History
The first recorded cases of cyclosporiasis in humans were as recent as 1977, 1978, and 1979. They were reported by Ashford, a British parasitologist who discovered three cases while working in Papua New Guinea. Ashford found that the parasite had very late sporulation, from 8 to 11 days, making the illness difficult to diagnose. When examining feces, the unsporulated oocysts can easily be mistaken for fungal spores, and thus can be easily overlooked.[14]
References
- ↑ Talaro, Kathleen P., and Arthur Talaro. Foundations in Microbiology: Basic Principles. Dubuque, Iowa: McGraw-Hill, 2002.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Cyclosporiasis - Infectious Diseases". MSD Manual Professional Edition. Archived from the original on 14 December 2022. Retrieved 13 December 2022.
- ↑ Prevention, CDC-Centers for Disease Control and (12 April 2019). "CDC - Cyclosporiasis - Disease". www.cdc.gov. Archived from the original on 9 July 2022. Retrieved 3 November 2022.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 "Cyclosporiasis - Chapter 4 - 2020 Yellow Book | Travelers' Health | CDC". wwwnc.cdc.gov. Archived from the original on 17 December 2022. Retrieved 17 December 2022.
- ↑ "Clinical Overview of Cyclosporiasis". Cyclosporiasis. 4 March 2024. Retrieved 8 August 2024.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Ortega, Ynés R.; Sanchez, Roxana (January 2010). "Update on Cyclospora cayetanensis , a Food-Borne and Waterborne Parasite". Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 23 (1): 218–234. doi:10.1128/CMR.00026-09. ISSN 0893-8512. Retrieved 8 August 2024.
- ↑ Prevention, CDC-Centers for Disease Control and (12 April 2019). "CDC - Cyclosporiasis - Biology". www.cdc.gov. Archived from the original on 8 December 2022. Retrieved 12 December 2022.
- ↑ Karanja, RM; Gatei, W; Wamae, N (June 2007). "Cyclosporiasis: an emerging public health concern around the world and in Africa". African health sciences. 7 (2): 62–7. PMID 17594281. Archived from the original on 14 June 2020. Retrieved 21 December 2022.
- ↑ Shlim, David R. (December 2002). "Cyclospora cayetanesis". Clinics in Laboratory Medicine. 22 (4): 927–936. doi:10.1016/s0272-2712(02)00025-2. ISSN 0272-2712. Archived from the original on 9 December 2022. Retrieved 9 December 2022.
- ↑ Li, Junqiang; Cui, Zhaohui; Qi, Meng; Zhang, Longxian (2020). "Advances in Cyclosporiasis Diagnosis and Therapeutic Intervention". Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology. 10: 43. doi:10.3389/fcimb.2020.00043. ISSN 2235-2988.
- ↑ "Cyclosporiasis" (PDF). azdhs.gov. Retrieved 8 August 2024.
- ↑ Prevention, CDC - Centers for Disease Control and (2018-10-18). "CDC - Cyclosporiasis - Treatment". Archived from the original on 2022-12-08. Retrieved 2022-12-08.
- ↑ "Surveillance for Laboratory-Confirmed Sporadic Cases of Cyclosporiasis --- United States, 1997--2008". cdc.gov. Archived from the original on 2022-06-17. Retrieved 2022-08-12.
- ↑ Strausbaugh, Larry (1 October 2000). "Cyclospora cayetanensis: A Review, Focusing on the Outbreaks of Cyclosporiasis in the 1990s". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 31 (4): 1040–1057. doi:10.1086/314051. PMID 11049789.