Video:Cutaneous tuberculosis
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Description
Cutaneous tuberculosis is an infection due to M. Tuberculosis. Clinical presentation depends on immunity and also environmental aspects; as well as those individuals using immunobiological drugs who may be susceptible.[1][2] In terms of the treatment for cutaneous tuberculosis we find that isoniazid, rifampicin, and ethambutol are used.[3]
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Types
The types of cutaneous tuberculosis is consistent with the following: TB verrucosa cutis ,Miliary TB ,Lupus vulgaris, Scrofuloderma and Tuberculosis cutis orificialis.[4]
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Presentation
In terms of the presentation of skin tuberculosis we find, rashes, ulcers, lesions as well as abcesses can also occur.[5][4][6]
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Complications
Among the possible complications of skin tuberculosis we find: disfiguring scars and squamous cell carcinoma[4].
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Cause
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is a species of pathogenic bacteria in the family Mycobacteriaceae and the causative agent of tuberculosis.[7][8]
Mechanism
In terms of the mechanism via which cutaneous tuberculosis can occur, we find that there are two: endogenous invasion is the result of spread of pulmonary tuberculosis by lymphatic dissemination, and exogenous invasion is via direct inoculation of the bacteria.[3]
Diagnosis
For the diagnosis of cutaneous tuberculosis we find that the following is done: medical history, physical examination, tuberculosis skin test and/or skin biopsy.[3] [9]
Differential diagnosis
The differential diagnosis is based, but not limited, to the following: Blastomycosis, drug reactions, Granulomatous rosacea, Syphilitic gumma, Papular eczema and Chromoblastomycosis.[3]
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Treatment 1
In terms of treatment we find there are two phases, the intensive phase which rapidly decreases the burden of M. tuberculosis (in 8 weeks) and the continuation phase (which is 9 to 12 months).The multidrug treatment involves isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol or streptomycin.[3]
Treatment 2
Surgical excision of cutaneous TB such as lupus vulgaris or scrofuloderma may be needed.[4]
Epidemiology
Per WHO the countries with the most cases of cutaneous tuberculosis as a consequence of having a high TB incidence (as well as immunocompromised individuals) are:India, China, Indonesia, Philippines, Pakistan, Nigeria and Bangladesh.[10][5]
History
In terms of the history of cutaneous tuberculosis we find that it was first described by Laennec in 1826.[11]However, the wider discovery of Mycobacterium tuberculosis,which is responsible for tuberculosis, was made by Dr. Robert Koch in 1882.[12]
References
- ↑ Dias, Maria Fernanda Reis Gavazzoni; Bernardes Filho, Fred; Quaresma, Maria Victória; Nascimento, Leninha Valério do; Nery, José Augusto da Costa; Azulay, David Rubem (December 2014). "Update on cutaneous tuberculosis". Anais Brasileiros de Dermatologia. 89 (6): 925–938. doi:10.1590/abd1806-4841.20142998. Archived from the original on 28 August 2021. Retrieved 17 June 2021.
- ↑ Hill, Michael K.; Sanders, Charles V. (January 2017). "Cutaneous Tuberculosis". Microbiology Spectrum. 5 (1). doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.TNMI7-0010-2016. ISSN 2165-0497. Archived from the original on 28 August 2021. Retrieved 17 June 2021.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Charifa, Ahmad; Mangat, Rupinder; Oakley, Amanda M. (2024). "Cutaneous Tuberculosis". StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 "Cutaneous tuberculosis (TB)". DermNet®. 26 October 2023. Retrieved 21 August 2024.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Tirado-Sánchez, Andrés; Bonifaz, Alexandro (1 June 2018). "Cutaneous Tuberculosis: a Review of the Current Literature". Current Tropical Medicine Reports. 5 (2): 67–76. doi:10.1007/s40475-018-0140-z. ISSN 2196-3045. Archived from the original on 14 August 2024. Retrieved 20 August 2024.
- ↑ Maloney, McKenzie E.; Cohen, Bernard (17 May 2023). "Cutaneous tuberculosis in the pediatric population: A review". JAAD International. 12: 105–111. doi:10.1016/j.jdin.2023.05.001. ISSN 2666-3287. Archived from the original on 20 August 2024. Retrieved 20 August 2024.
- ↑ Gordon SV, Parish T (April 2018). "Microbe Profile: Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Humanity's deadly microbial foe". Microbiology. 164 (4): 437–439. doi:10.1099/mic.0.000601. PMID 29465344.
- ↑ Ryan KJ, Ray CG (2004). "Mycobacteria". Sherris Medical Microbiology : an Introduction to Infectious Diseases (4th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 439. ISBN 978-0-83-858529-0.
- ↑ Kaul, Subuhi; Jakhar, Deepak; Mehta, Shilpa; Singal, Archana (December 2023). "Cutaneous tuberculosis. Part II: Complications, diagnostic workup, histopathologic features, and treatment". Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 89 (6): 1107–1119. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2021.12.064. Archived from the original on 2024-08-18. Retrieved 2024-08-15.
- ↑ "Tuberculosis 2021" (PDF). WHO. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 October 2021. Retrieved 20 August 2024.
- ↑ Sharma, Neeraj; Kumar, Kunal; Chaudhary, Robin; Yadav, Aseem; Singh, Nalin; Vasan, Amit Singh (14 November 2023). "Papulonecrotic Tuberculid—a Rare Cutaneous Expression of a Common Disease: a Case Report". SN Comprehensive Clinical Medicine. 5 (1): 268. doi:10.1007/s42399-023-01612-y. ISSN 2523-8973. Archived from the original on 18 August 2024. Retrieved 17 August 2024.
- ↑ "World TB Day History". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 18 October 2023. Archived from the original on 7 December 2018. Retrieved 17 August 2024.