Video:Cutaneous larva migrans
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Description
Cutaneous larva migrans is a skin disease in humans, caused by the larvae of various nematode parasites of the hookworm family (Ancylostomatidae).[1] These parasites live in the intestines of dogs, cats, and wild animals and should not be confused with other members of the hookworm family for which humans are definitive hosts, namely Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus.[2] The infection causes a red, intensely pruritic (itchy) eruption, and may look like twirling lesions.[2] CLM can be treated via a number of different ways including systemic agents such as albendazole.[3]
Presentation
The infection causes a red, intensely pruritic eruption, and look like twirling lesions.[2]The itching can become very painful and if scratched may allow a secondary bacterial infection to develop. Cutaneous larva migrans usually heals spontaneously over weeks to months and has been known to last as long as one year.[4]
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Complications
Among the complications that Cutaneous larva have are the following: Staphylococcus aureus (secondary infection), and Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis.[2]
Cause
The etiology of Cutaneous larva migrans is due to : Ancylostoma braziliense, Ancylostoma caninum, Uncinaria stenocephala, Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus.[2]
Transmission
Hookworm eggs are shed in the infected dog feces to the ground and beach sand, where they then develop over a period of 1 to 2 weeks into the infectious larval form .[5] The filariform larvae can burrow through intact skin that comes into contact with soil or sand that is contaminated with feces. Although they are able to infect the deeper tissues of animals , humans are incidental hosts and the larvae are only able to penetrate the epidermis of the skin[3] and thus create the typical wormlike burrows visible underneath the skin.
Diagnosis
The evaluation of Cutaneous larva migrans can be done via visual inspection and sometimes using skin biopsy in the affected individual[6]
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Differential diagnosis
The differential diagnosis of Cutaneous larva migrans is as follows: Scabies, Loiasis, Myiasis, Schistosomiasis, Tinea corporis, Fascioliasis and Phytophotodermatitis.[2]
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Treatment
In terms of management topical thiabendazole 10 percent solution or 15 percent ointment may be used if infection is local. In the event of severe infestation oral albendazole is given daily for 3 to 5 days.[2]
Epidemiology
In terms of epidemiology we find that CLM has a worldwide distribution, but it is most prevalent in tropical and subtropical regions.Travelers to regions like Africa, South America, Asia, and the Caribbean are at higher risk.[7]
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History
The discovery of Cutaneous larva migrans was first described as "CLM" by Lee in 1874. Later, in 1893, Crocker coined the term "Cutaneous larva migrans". The parasitic nature of the condition was further established by Hammelstjerna in 1896.[8]
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References
- ↑ Morris-Jones, Rachel (2019). "117. Insect bites and infestations". In Morris-Jones, Rachael (ed.). ABC of Dermatology (7th ed.). Hoboken: Wiley Blackwell. p. 145. ISBN 978-1-119-48899-6. Archived from the original on 2023-07-18. Retrieved 2023-07-15.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 Maxfield, Luke; Crane, Jonathan S. (2025). "Cutaneous Larva Migrans". StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Albanese, Giancarlo; Venturi, Caterina; Galbiati, Giuseppe (2001). "Treatment of larva migrans cutanea (creeping eruption): a comparison between albendazole and traditional therapy". International Journal of Dermatology. 40 (1): 67–71. doi:10.1046/j.1365-4362.2001.01103.x. ISSN 1365-4632.
- ↑ Chaudhry, AZ; Lonworth DL (1989). "Cutaneous manifestations of intestinal helminthic infections". Dermatol Clin. 7 (2): 275–90. doi:10.1016/S0733-8635(18)30599-0. PMID 2670373.
- ↑ CDC. "Parasites". Archived from the original on 2 May 2021. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
- ↑ "Creeping eruption: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia". medlineplus.gov. Retrieved 14 March 2025.
- ↑ "Cutaneous Larva Migrans | CDC Yellow Book 2024". wwwnc.cdc.gov. Archived from the original on 2025-03-01. Retrieved 2025-03-17.
- ↑ Karthikeyan, Kaliaperumal; Thappa, Devinder Mohan (1 September 2002). "Cutaneous larva migrans". Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology. 68: 252. ISSN 0378-6323.