Video:Clonorchiasis
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Description
Clonorchiasis is an infectious disease caused by the Chinese liver fluke (Clonorchis sinensis) and two related species.Clonorchiasis is a known risk factor for the development of cholangiocarcinoma, a neoplasm of the biliary system.[1][2][3]Among the symptoms are fever, epigastric pain, and jaundice.[2]Praziquantel is used in treatment.[1]

Presentation
The presentation of Clonorchiasis is as follows: fever, epigastric pain, jaundice and diarrhea.[2]

Complications
In terms of the possible complications of Clonorchiasis we find the following: pyogenic cholangitis, pancreatitis and liver abscesses.[1]
Cause
Clonorchiasis sinensis , which causes Clonorchiasis, is a trematode which is part of the phylum Platyhelminthes. The parasitic worm is as long as 10 to 25 millimeters and lives in the bile ducts of the liver.[2][1] [3]

Mechanism
In terms of the life cycle a hermaphroditic fluke requires two intermediate hosts. The eggs of the worms are passed in fecal matter into a body of water and are then ingested by mollusks.[2] [3][1]The water snail is the first intermediate host, in which a miracidium goes through its developmental stages. Freshwater fish are a second intermediate host for the parasitic worm. They become infected when the larva of the worm leaves the snail and penetrates the flesh of the fish. Humans then become infected by eating infected fish that has been undercooked, smoked, pickled, or salted, and from there the cycle repeats.[2][1] [3]

Diagnosis
Individuals are diagnosed when C. sinensis eggs are found in stools. The formalin-ether concentration technique (FECT) method of stool examination is most effective at diagnosing light cases of infection, while the Kato-Katz (KK) method is more suitable for the diagnosing of persons with clonorchiasis. Serological methods that use enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) can help differentiate the eggs of C. sinensis from other flukes.[4]

Differential diagnosis
The differential diagnosis of Clonorchiasis is as follows, Cholecystitis, acute hepatitis, Primary biliary cholangitis, and Schistosomiasis.[1]

Treatment
In terms of management for Clonorchiasis in an affected individual, we find the following, praziquantel or albendazole are administered.[2]

Epidemiology
As to the global burden of Clonorchiasis we find that over 15 million individuals are infected worldwide,the majority are located in East Asia,[4] hence it's endemic in East Asia, meaning, China, South Korea, northern Vietnam, Taiwan, and Russia.[2]

History
In terms of history we find that Clonorchiasis, was discovered by physician James McConnell in 1874. He was a professor at the Medical College Hospital in Calcutta .[5]

References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 Locke, Victoria; Kusnik, Alexander; Richardson, Melissa S. (2024). "Clonorchis Sinensis". StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 "Clonorchiasis - Clonorchiasis". MSD Manual Professional Edition. Retrieved 6 December 2024.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 "Clonorchiasis - Page 1". web.archive.org. 16 February 2013. Retrieved 9 December 2024.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Tang, Ze-Li; Huang, Yan; Yu, Xin-Bing (December 2016). "Current status and perspectives of Clonorchis sinensis and clonorchiasis: epidemiology, pathogenesis, omics, prevention and control". Infectious Diseases of Poverty. 5 (1). doi:10.1186/s40249-016-0166-1.
- ↑ Qian, Men-Bao; Utzinger, Jürg; Keiser, Jennifer; Zhou, Xiao-Nong (20 February 2016). "Clonorchiasis". The Lancet. 387 (10020): 800–810. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60313-0. ISSN 0140-6736. PMID 26299184.