Video:Carrion's disease

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Description

Carrion's disease is an infectious disease produced by Bartonella bacilliformis infection.It is named after Daniel Alcides Carrión who demonstrated definitively the cause of the illness.[1][2]In terms of fatality rates we find that untreated individuals have 88 percent fatality in contrast to 10 percent of individuals who are treated. Treatment is done via a combination of antibiotics and the phase of the infection.[2]

Presentation 1

The most common findings in the acute phase are fever usually sustained, pale appearance, malaise, painless liver enlargement, jaundice, enlarged lymph nodes, and enlarged spleen. [1][3][2]

Presentation 2

The eruptive phase or tissue phase, in which the individual develops a cutaneous rash produced by a proliferation of endothelial cells and is known as "Peruvian warts" or "verruga peruana". Depending on the size and characteristics of the lesions, there are three types: miliary , nodular or subdermic, and mular. Miliary lesions are the most common; the lesions often ulcerate and bleed.[4]

Cause

Carrion's disease is caused by Bartonella bacilliformis. Recent investigations show that Candidatus Bartonella ancashi may cause verruga peruana, although it may not meet all of Koch's postulates.[2][5][6]

Transmission

In terms of the transmission we find that Carrion's disease which is caused by bacterium Bartonella bacilliformis enters the bloodstream via the bite of a female sandfly. [1]

Diagnosis

Diagnosis during the acute phase can be made by obtaining a peripheral blood smear with Giemsa stain, immunoblot, indirect immunofluorescence, and PCR. Diagnosis during the chronic phase can be made using a Warthin-Starry stain of wart biopsy, PCR, and immunoblot.[1][7]

Differential diagnosis

The differential diagnosis for Carrion's disease in an affected individual is as follows: Malaria, Yellow fever, Brucellosis, viral hepatitis and Haemolytic anaemia.[1]

Treatment 1

Fluoroquinolones (such as ciprofloxacin) or chloramphenicol in adults and chloramphenicol plus beta-lactams in children are the antibiotic regimens of choice during the acute phase of Carrion's disease. Chloramphenicol-resistant B. bacilliformis has been observed.[8][9]

Treatment 2

During the eruptive phase, in which chloramphenicol is not useful, azithromycin, erythromycin, and ciprofloxacin have been used successfully for treatment. Rifampin or macrolides are also used to treat both adults and children.[8][9]

Epidemiology

In terms of epidemiology we find that Carrion's disease, is primarily endemic to the Andean valleys of Peru, Ecuador, and Colombia[2][10].Peru in particular went into the thousands of cases prior to 2010 when it began to decrease.[11]

History

Carrión, a medical student, described the disease in the course of what proved to be a fatal experiment upon himself in 1885, in order to demonstrate definitively the cause of the illness. [12]He was inoculated with blood which had been taken from a wart of a 14-year-old individual.[12]In terms of history it was Alberto Barton in 1909, that announced the discovery of the causal agent of Carrion's disease.[13]

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 "Carrion disease". DermNet®. 26 October 2023. Retrieved 9 October 2024.
  2. 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Garcia-Quintanilla, Meritxell; Dichter, Alexander A.; Guerra, Humberto; Kempf, Volkhard A. J. (December 2019). "Carrion's disease: more than a neglected disease". Parasites & Vectors. 12 (1): 141. doi:10.1186/s13071-019-3390-2. ISSN 1756-3305. PMC 6434794. PMID 30909982.
  3. Maguina, Ciro; Garcia, Patricia J.; Gotuzzo, Eduardo; Cordero, Luis; Spach, David H. (2001-09-15). "Bartonellosis (Carrión's Disease) in the Modern Era". Clinical Infectious Diseases. Oxford University Press (OUP). 33 (6): 772–779. doi:10.1086/322614. ISSN 1058-4838.
  4. "About Bartonella". Bartonella Infection. 17 May 2024.
  5. "Bartonella Infection (Cat Scratch Disease, Trench Fever, and Carrión's Disease)". www.cdc.gov. Archived from the original on 2019-05-07. Retrieved 2016-10-17.
  6. Maco V, Maguiña C, Tirado A, Maco V, Vidal JE (2004). "Carrion's disease (Bartonellosis bacilliformis) confirmed by histopathology in the High Forest of Peru". Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. Sao Paulo. 46 (3): 171–174. doi:10.1590/S0036-46652004000300010. PMID 15286824.
  7. Sanchez Clemente, Nuria; Ugarte-Gil, Cesar A.; Solórzano, Nelson; Maguiña, Ciro; Pachas, Paul; Blazes, David; Bailey, Robin; Mabey, David; Moore, David (25 October 2012). "Bartonella bacilliformis: A Systematic Review of the Literature to Guide the Research Agenda for Elimination". PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 6 (10): e1819. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0001819. ISSN 1935-2727. PMC 3493376. PMID 23145188.
  8. 8.0 8.1 Huarcaya, Erick; Maguiña, Ciro; Torres, Rita; Rupay, Joan; Fuentes, Luis (October 2004). "Bartonelosis (Carrion's Disease) in the pediatric population of Peru: an overview and update". Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 8: 331–339. doi:10.1590/S1413-86702004000500001. ISSN 1413-8670.
  9. 9.0 9.1 "Bartonellosis - Symptoms, Causes, Treatment | NORD". rarediseases.org. Retrieved 15 October 2024.
  10. Stechenberg, Barbara W. (1 January 2009). "CHAPTER 138 - BARTONELLOSIS". Feigin and Cherry's Textbook of Pediatric Infectious Diseases (Sixth ed.). W.B. Saunders. pp. 1675–1678. ISBN 978-1-4160-4044-6.
  11. Franco-Paredes, Carlos; Santos-Preciado, José Ignacio (8 May 2015). Neglected Tropical Diseases - Latin America and the Caribbean. Springer. p. 189. ISBN 978-3-7091-1422-3. Archived from the original on 5 October 2024. Retrieved 4 October 2024.
  12. 12.0 12.1 Chatterjee, Pranab; Chandra, Shivika; Biswas, Tamoghna (November 2015). "Daniel Alcides Carrion (1857-1885) and a history of medical martyrdom". Journal of Medical Biography. 23 (4): 224–227. doi:10.1177/0967772013479532. ISSN 1758-1087. PMID 24585618. Archived from the original on 2020-11-18. Retrieved 2024-09-28.
  13. Gomes, Cláudia; Ruiz, Joaquim (29 November 2017). "Carrion's Disease: the Sound of Silence". Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 31 (1): e00056–17. doi:10.1128/CMR.00056-17. ISSN 0893-8512. PMC 5740975. PMID 29187394.