Video:Boutonneuse fever
| Boutonneuse fever (Tutorial) | |
|---|---|
| Commons / NC | |
 | |
| Steps for video creation | |
| Step 1 | Preview my changes (10 sec) |
| Step 2 | Upload to Commons (10 min) |
Description
Boutonneuse fever, also called, Mediterranean spotted fever[1] among others, is a fever as a result of a rickettsial infection caused by the bacterium Rickettsia conorii and transmitted by the dog tick Rhipicephalus sanguineus.[2] [3]The illness can be treated with tetracyclines.[4]
Presentation
After an incubation period around seven days, the disease manifests abruptly with chills, high fevers, muscular pains, severe headache, and photophobia. The location of the bite forms a black, ulcerous crust (tache noire). After a few days of illness, a widespread rash appears, first macular and then maculopapular, and sometimes petechial.[2][5][4]
Complications
In terms of the complications of Boutonneuse fever we find the following, hearing loss, myocarditis, retinopathy, retinal vasculitis and splenic rupture.[2]
Cause
The cause of Boutonneuse fever is due to Rickettsia conorii, which is a gram-negative, obligate intracellular bacteria. This bacteria is transmitted by the brown dog tick Rhipicephalus sanguineus[2]
Transmission
In terms of the transmission we find that the bacteria spends a percentage of its life cycle in an arthropod host (a tick). It then, via a tick bite moves to the main host, rodents and dogs.People are infected either via a bite or contact with faeces from the infected arthropod.[4][6]
Diagnosis
The diagnosis is made with serologic methods, either the classic Weil–Felix test, (agglutination of Proteus OX strains), ELISA, or immunofluorescence assays in the bioptic material of the primary lesion.[2]
Differential diagnosis
In terms of the differential diagnosis for Boutonneuse fever we find the following, Varicella-zoster virus, Rubella, Fifths disease, Infectious mononucleosis and Toxic shock syndrome.[2]
Treatment
The illness can be treated with tetracyclines (doxycycline is the preferred treatment), chloramphenicol, macrolides, or fluoroquinolones.[2][4]
Epidemiology
In terms of the epidemiology of Boutonneuse fever we find that intially it was thought to roam certain areas, such as southern Europe, North Africa, and India. However, it is now detected as well in central Europe and southern African regions.[7]
History
Boutonneuse fever, also known as Mediterranean spotted fever, was first described in Tunisia in the year 1910 by Conor and Bruch.[7]
References
- ↑ "Boutonneuse fever (Concept Id: C0006060) - MedGen - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Archived from the original on 24 July 2024. Retrieved 20 July 2024.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 MacConnachie, Kevin; Tishkowski, Kevin (2024). "Boutonneuse Fever". StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing. PMID 32809749. Archived from the original on 2024-07-25. Retrieved 2024-07-20.
- ↑ Misdraji, Joseph (1 January 2010). "Chapter 10 - Liver and Bile Duct Infections". Diagnostic Pathology of Infectious Disease. W.B. Saunders. pp. 255–295. ISBN 978-1-4160-3429-2. Archived from the original on 21 October 2021. Retrieved 26 July 2024.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 "DermNet® - Spotted fever group rickettsial disease". DermNet®. 26 October 2023. Archived from the original on 5 February 2024. Retrieved 27 July 2024.
- ↑ Moraga, F. A.; Martinez-Roig, A.; Alonso, J. L.; Boronat, M.; Domingo, F. (February 1982). "Boutonneuse fever". Archives of Disease in Childhood. 57 (2): 149–151. doi:10.1136/adc.57.2.149. ISSN 1468-2044. PMC 1627538. PMID 7065712.
- ↑ Spernovasilis, Nikolaos; Markaki, Ioulia; Papadakis, Michail; Mazonakis, Nikolaos; Ierodiakonou, Despo (24 September 2021). "Mediterranean Spotted Fever: Current Knowledge and Recent Advances". Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease. 6 (4): 172. doi:10.3390/tropicalmed6040172. ISSN 2414-6366. Retrieved 3 August 2024.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Rovery, Clarisse; Brouqui, Philippe; Raoult, Didier (September 2008). "Questions on Mediterranean Spotted Fever a Century after Its Discovery". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 14 (9): 1360–1367. doi:10.3201/eid1409.071133. Retrieved 3 August 2024.