Video:Blastocystosis
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Description
Blastocystosis refers to a medical condition caused by infection with Blastocystis. Blastocystis is a protozoal, single-celled parasite that inhabits the gastrointestinal tracts of humans and other animals. Blastocystosis has been found to be a possible risk factor for development of irritable bowel syndrome.[1]Treatment is usually with metronidazole.[2]
Presentation
The symptoms of Blastocyctosis in an affected individual are as follows , abdominal pain , constipation, diarrhea and weight loss.[3]
Associated condition
Blastocystis colonisation is positively associated with irritable bowel syndrome and is a possible risk factor for developing IBS.[1]However, the relationship between both conditions is not completely understood.[4]
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Cause
Blastocystis is a genus of single-celled parasites belonging to the Stramenopiles that includes algae, diatoms, and water molds. [5] Blastocystis has low host specificity, and many different species of Blastocystis can infect humans,[6] and by current convention, any of these species would be identified as Blastocystis hominis.
Transmission
Humans contract Blastocystis infection by drinking water or eating food contaminated with feces from an infected human or animal.[7] Blastocystis infection can be spread from animals to humans, from humans to other humans, from humans to animals, and from animals to animals.[8][9]
Diagnosis
For identification of infection, the only method clinically available in most areas is the ova and parasite exam, which identifies the presence of the organism by microscopic examination of a chemically preserved stool specimen. This method is sometimes called direct microscopy.[10]
Prevention
In terms of the prevention of Blastocystosis one should practice good hygiene by washing hands thoroughly. Additionally, wash and peel fruits and vegetables prior to consumption.[11]
Treatment
In terms of management we find that it is usually with metronidazole that the affected individual is treated.[12]
Epidemiology
Worldwide it is estimated, that quite possibly about 1 billion people are infected with Blastocystis.[13][14]
History
In 1911 Blastocystis was first described as a distinct organism with the name B. enterocola, which was proposed by Alexeieff.It would later be isolated from human faeces by Brumpt in 1912.[15]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Rostami, A.; Riahi, SM.; Haghighi, A.; Saber, V.; Armon, B.; Seyyedtabaei, SJ. (Jul 2017). "The role of Blastocystis sp. and Dientamoeba fragilis in irritable bowel syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis". Parasitol Res. 116 (9): 2361–2371. doi:10.1007/s00436-017-5535-6. PMID 28668983. S2CID 32999514.
- ↑ "Clinical Care of Blastocystosis". Blastocystis. 22 March 2024. Retrieved 9 August 2024.
- ↑ "Parasites - Blastocystis spp. infection". United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 4 March 2014. Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 5 January 2016.
What are the symptoms of infection with Blastocystis?
Watery or loose stools, diarrhea, abdominal pain, anal itching, weight loss, constipation, and excess gas have all been reported in persons with Blastocystis infection. Many people have no symptoms at all. The organism can be found in both well and sick persons. - ↑ Boorom, Kenneth F.; Smith, Huw; Nimri, Laila; Viscogliosi, Eric; Spanakos, Gregory; Parkar, Unaiza; Li, Lan-Hua; Zhou, Xiao-Nong; Ok, Ülgen Z.; Leelayoova, Saovanee; Jones, Morris S. (21 October 2008). "Oh my aching gut: irritable bowel syndrome, Blastocystis, and asymptomatic infection". Parasites & Vectors. 1 (1): 40. doi:10.1186/1756-3305-1-40. ISSN 1756-3305. Retrieved 14 August 2024.
- ↑ Yoshikawa H, Wu Z, Howe J, Hashimoto T, Geok-Choo N, Tan KS (2007). "Ultrastructural and phylogenetic studies on Blastocystis isolates from cockroaches". The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 54 (1): 33–7. doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.2006.00141.x. PMID 17300516. S2CID 45995362.
- ↑ Noël C, Dufernez F, Gerbod D, et al. (January 2005). "Molecular Phylogenies of Blastocystis Isolates from Different Hosts: Implications for Genetic Diversity, Identification of Species, and Zoonosis". Journal of Clinical Microbiology (in 中文). 43 (1): 348–55. doi:10.1128/JCM.43.1.348-355.2005. PMC 540115. PMID 15634993.
- ↑ Tan, K.S.W. (1986). "Blastocystis in humans and animals: new insights using modern methodologies". Vet. Parasitol. 126 (1–2): 121–144. doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2004.09.017. PMID 15567582.
- ↑ Parkar U, Traub RJ, Kumar S, et al. (2007). "Direct characterization of Blastocystis from faeces by PCR and evidence of zoonotic potential". Parasitology. 134 (Pt 3): 359–67. doi:10.1017/S0031182006001582. PMID 17052374. Archived from the original on 2022-11-08. Retrieved 2022-08-20.
- ↑ Stensvold CR, Suresh GK, Tan KS, et al. (2007). "Terminology for Blastocystis subtypes—a consensus". Trends Parasitol. 23 (3): 93–6. doi:10.1016/j.pt.2007.01.004. PMID 17241816.
- ↑ Lee, M J (September 1991). "Pathogenicity of Blastocystis hominis". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 29 (9): 2089. doi:10.1128/jcm.29.9.2089-.1991. ISSN 0095-1137.
- ↑ "About Blastocystis". Blastocystis. 22 March 2024.
- ↑ Roberts, Tamalee; Stark, Damien; Harkness, John; Ellis, John (28 May 2014). "Update on the pathogenic potential and treatment options for Blastocystis sp". Gut Pathogens. 6 (1): 17. doi:10.1186/1757-4749-6-17. ISSN 1757-4749.
- ↑ Rudzińska, Monika; Sikorska, Katarzyna (16 August 2023). "Epidemiology of Blastocystis Infection: A Review of Data from Poland in Relation to Other Reports". Pathogens. 12 (8): 1050. doi:10.3390/pathogens12081050. ISSN 2076-0817.
- ↑ Deng, Lei; Wojciech, Lukasz; Gascoigne, Nicholas R. J.; Peng, Guangneng; Tan, Kevin S. W. (25 February 2021). "New insights into the interactions between Blastocystis, the gut microbiota, and host immunity". PLoS Pathogens. 17 (2): e1009253. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1009253. ISSN 1553-7366.
- ↑ Puthia, Manoj K.; Tan, Kevin S. (2011). Blastocystosis. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press. pp. 613–624. doi:10.1093/med/9780198570028.003.0057.