Video:Black hairy tongue
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Description
Black hairy tongue is a condition in which small bumps on the tongue elongate with typically a black or brown discoloration.[1]
Symptoms
Other colors such as green or blue may occur.[2] Other than the appearance; there are generally no further symptoms.[2] Occasionally bad breath, altered taste, or burning may occur.[2]
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Risk factors
Risk factors include smoking, alcohol, dry mouth, poor oral hygiene, coffee, and general poor health.[3][2]
Other risk factors
Medications associated with the condition include erythromycin, doxycycline, bismuth, and olanzapine.[3]
Diagnosis
Diagnosis is generally made based on the appearance, though tissue biopsy may be carried out in unclear cases.[2][3]
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Treatment
Treatment involves addressing the underlying cause together with good oral care.[2] Gently scrubbing the tongue with a toothbrush may help, as may the use of 3% hydrogen peroxide on the area.[3] Outcomes are good.[2]
Epidemiology
Black hairy tongue effects around one in ten people, most commonly males over the age of 40.[2][3]
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History
The condition was first described in 1557 by Amatus Lusitanus.[2]
References
- ↑ James, William D.; Elston, Dirk; Treat, James R.; Rosenbach, Misha A.; Neuhaus, Isaac (2020). "34. Disorders of the mucous membranes". Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology (13th ed.). Edinburgh: Elsevier. p. 799. ISBN 978-0-323-54753-6. Archived from the original on 2023-04-11. Retrieved 2023-04-11.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 Gurvits, GE; Tan, A (21 August 2014). "Black hairy tongue syndrome". World journal of gastroenterology. 20 (31): 10845–50. doi:10.3748/wjg.v20.i31.10845. PMID 25152586.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Wright, Beth (2014). "Hairy tongue". dermnetnz.org. DermNet NZ. Archived from the original on 28 June 2021. Retrieved 3 July 2021.