Video:Bartonellosis
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Description
Bartonellosis is an infectious disease produced by bacteria of the genus Bartonella.[1] Bartonella species cause diseases such as Carrión's disease, trench fever, cat-scratch disease, bacillary angiomatosis, peliosis hepatis, chronic bacteremia, endocarditis, chronic lymphadenopathy, and neurological disorders.[2]
Presentation 1
In Carrión's disease people can develop two phases, an acute septic phase and a chronic eruptive phase associated with skin lesions.[3] In the acute phase, B. bacilliformis infection is a sudden, potentially life-threatening infection associated with high fever and decreased levels of circulating red blood cells and transient immunosuppression [4][5][6].
Presentation 2
Cat-scratch disease is due to an infection by B. henselae and manifests as gradual regional lymph nodes enlargement (armpit, groin, neck) which may last 2 to 3 months or longer; as well as a distal scratch or red-brown skin papule . The enlarged lymph node is painful and tender. The lymph nodes may suppurate. Other presentations include fever, Parinaud's oculoglandular syndrome, encephalopathy, and neuroretinitis.[7][8]
Presentation 3
In Trench fever, we find the clinical manifestations range from asymptomatic infection to severe illness. Classical presentations include a febrile illness of acute onset, headache, dizziness, and shin pain. Chronic infection manifestations include attacks of fever and aching in some cases and persistent bacteremia in certain individuals.[9]
Pathophysiology
Each Bartonella species is highly adapted to its reservoir host as the result of intracellular parasitism and can persist in the bloodstream of the host. Intraerythrocytic parasitism is only observed in the acute phase of Carrion's disease. Bartonella species also have a tropism for endothelial cells, observed in the chronic phase of Carrion's disease and bacillary angiomatosis. Pathological response can vary with the immune status of the host. Infection with B. henselae can result in a focal suppurative reaction (CSD in immunocompetent individuals), a multifocal angioproliferative response (bacillary angiomatosis in immunocompromised individuals), endocarditis, or meningitis.[1][10][11]
Diagnosis
There are several methods used for diagnosing Bartonella infection including microscopy, serology, and PCR.[12]
Differential diagnosis
The differential diagnosis for Bartonellosis is as follows:Lyme disease, Sarcoidosis, Sporotrichosis, Toxoplasmosis, Leishmaniosis and Syphilis.[13]
Treatment 1
Trench fever or chronic bacteremia with B. quintana can be treated with oral Doxycycline at 200 milli grams once daily for 4 weeks.[13]
Treatment 2
In terms of Carrion's disease we find that the treatment typically involves rifampin or azithromycin, if chronic.[14]
Treatment 3
As to Cat-scratch disease we find that immunocompromised individuals are given azithromycin or doxycycline.[15]
Epidemiology
We find the incidence of Cat-scratch disease to be 6 (point) 4 cases per 100 thousand population in adults worldwide.[1]
History 1
Trench fever was first reported in soldiers during the First World War. [16]
History 2
Carrion's disease was named after medical student Daniel Alcides Carrión from Cerro de Pasco, Peru. [17]Carrión described the disease after being inoculated at his request with the pus of a skin lesion from an infected hospitalized individual.Carrión developed the disease three weeks after the inoculation and kept a meticulous record of clinical symptoms and signs until the disease rendered him incapable of the task and he died at age 28 several weeks later. Carrión proved that Oroya fever and verruga peruana were two stages of the same disease, and not two different diseases as was thought at the time. His work did not result in a cure immediately, but his research started the process. Peru has named October 5 as "Peruvian Medicine Day" in his honor. [17][18][19]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Maguiña C, Gotuzzo E (March 2000). "Bartonellosis. New and old". Infect. Dis. Clin. North Am. 14 (1): 1–22, vii. doi:10.1016/S0891-5520(05)70215-4. PMID 10738670.
- ↑ Maurin M, Birtles R, Raoult D (July 1997). "Current knowledge of Bartonella species". Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 16 (7): 487–506. doi:10.1007/BF01708232. PMID 9272384. S2CID 16043192.
- ↑ Maguiña Vargas, Ciro (2010). Bartonellosis o enfermedad de Carrión: Nuevos aspectos de una vieja enfermedad. Lima, Peru: UNMSM, Fondo Editorial. ISBN 978-9972-50-034-3. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2022-07-26.
- ↑ "Bartonellosis - Symptoms, Causes, Treatment | NORD". rarediseases.org. Archived from the original on 1 October 2018. Retrieved 10 April 2023.
- ↑ Garcia-Quintanilla, Meritxell; Dichter, Alexander A.; Guerra, Humberto; Kempf, Volkhard A. J. (26 March 2019). "Carrion's disease: more than a neglected disease". Parasites & Vectors. 12 (1): 141. doi:10.1186/s13071-019-3390-2. ISSN 1756-3305. Archived from the original on 25 February 2023. Retrieved 11 April 2023.
- ↑ Gomes, Cláudia; Ruiz, Joaquim (January 2018). "Carrion's Disease: the Sound of Silence". Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 31 (1): e00056–17. doi:10.1128/CMR.00056-17. Archived from the original on 15 April 2023. Retrieved 15 April 2023.
- ↑ Bass JW, Vincent JM, Person DA (February 1997). "The expanding spectrum of Bartonella infections: II. Cat-scratch disease". Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 16 (2): 163–79. doi:10.1097/00006454-199702000-00002. PMID 9041596.
- ↑ Breitschwerdt, EB. Bartonella sp. Bacteremia in Patients with Neurological and Neurocognitive Dysfunction. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY. Sept. 2008. 46(9): 2856–2861
- ↑ Brouqui P, Lascola B, Roux V, Raoult D (January 1999). "Chronic Bartonella quintana bacteremia in homeless patients". N. Engl. J. Med. 340 (3): 184–9. doi:10.1056/NEJM199901213400303. PMID 9895398.
- ↑ Angelakis, Emmanouil; Raoult, Didier (1 July 2014). "Pathogenicity and treatment of Bartonella infections". International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. 44 (1): 16–25. doi:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2014.04.006. ISSN 0924-8579. Archived from the original on 4 March 2021. Retrieved 21 April 2023.
- ↑ Dehio, Christoph (2004). "Molecular and cellular basis of bartonella pathogenesis". Annual Review of Microbiology. 58: 365–390. doi:10.1146/annurev.micro.58.030603.123700. ISSN 0066-4227. Archived from the original on 10 April 2023. Retrieved 21 April 2023.
- ↑ "Clinicians | Bartonella | CDC". www.cdc.gov. Archived from the original on 2019-04-14. Retrieved 2016-01-19.
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 Mada, Pradeep Kumar; Zulfiqar, Hassam; Joel Chandranesan, Andrew Stevenson (2024). "Bartonellosis". StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing.
- ↑ "Carrion disease". DermNet®. 26 October 2023. Retrieved 9 September 2024.
- ↑ "Cat-Scratch Disease - Cat-Scratch Disease". Merck Manual Professional Edition. Retrieved 10 September 2024.
- ↑ Stein A, Raoult D (February 1995). "Return of trench fever". Lancet. 345 (8947): 450–1. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(95)90430-1. PMID 7853966. S2CID 44879485.
- ↑ 17.0 17.1 Garcia-Caceres, U.; Garcia, F. U. (April 1991). "Bartonellosis. An immunodepressive disease and the life of Daniel Alcides Carrión". American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 95 (4 Suppl 1): S58–66. ISSN 0002-9173. Archived from the original on 12 April 2023. Retrieved 12 April 2023.
- ↑ Chatterjee, Pranab; Chandra, Shivika; Biswas, Tamoghna (November 2015). "Daniel Alcides Carrion (1857-1885) and a history of medical martyrdom". Journal of Medical Biography. 23 (4): 224–227. doi:10.1177/0967772013479532. ISSN 1758-1087. Archived from the original on 18 November 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2023.
- ↑ Pamo, O. G. (March 2012). "Daniel Carrion's experiment: the use of self-infection in the advance of medicine". The Journal of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh. 42 (1): 81–86. doi:10.4997/JRCPE.2012.119. ISSN 2042-8189. Archived from the original on 24 March 2022. Retrieved 19 April 2023.