Video:Bacillary angiomatosis
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Description
Bacillary angiomatosis is a form of angiomatosis associated with bacteria of the genus Bartonella.[1]Often it affects people with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV infection, this in turn leads to vascular proliferative lesions, which can appear on the skin and in internal organs.[2] Treatment involves antibiotics, like erythromycin or doxycycline.[3]
Presentation
Cutaneous BA is characterised by the presence of lesions on or under the skin. Appearing in numbers from one to hundreds, these lesions may take several forms.[3][1]
Complications
The complications of bacillary angiomatosis is consistent with the following:gastrointestinal bleeding, encephalopathy, endocarditis and laryngeal obstruction.[4]
Cause
It is caused by either Bartonella henselae or B. quintana.[5] B. henselae is most often transmitted through a cat scratch or bite[6].
Risk factors
Among the risk factors for bacillary angiomatosis is as follows: organ transplant recipients, chronic lymphocytic leukaemia and HIV/AIDS.[7]
Transmission
Transmission to humans is thought to occur via flea feces inoculated into a cat scratch or bite, and transmission between cats occurs only in the presence of fleas. Therefore, elimination and control of fleas in the cat's environment could be key to prevention of infection in both cats and humans.[8][9][10]
Diagnosis
Diagnosis is based on a combination of clinical features and biopsy, as well as : PCR and immunofluorescence assay.[1][4][7]
Differential diagnosis
The differential diagnosis of bacillary angiomatosis is based on the following: Kaposi sarcoma, Pyogenic granuloma, Epitheliod hemangioma, Verruga peruana and Sporotrichosis.[4]
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Treatment
Usually, erythromycin will cause the skin lesions to gradually fade away in the next four weeks, resulting in complete recovery. Doxycycline may also be used. However, if the infection does not respond to either of these, the medication is usually changed to tetracycline. If the infection is serious, then a bactericidal medication may be coupled with the antibiotics[1][4][3][7]
Prognosis
We find that the prognosis for bacillary angiomatosis is good when antimicrobial early therapy occurs. However relapses are common in immunocompromised individuals.[4]
History
The condition that later became known as bacillary angiomatosis was first described by Stoler and associates in 1983.[11] Being unaware of its infectious origin, it was originally called epithelioid angiomatosis.[12] Following documentation of bacilli in Warthin-Starry stains and by electron microscopy in a series of cases by LeBoit and colleagues, the term bacillary angiomatosis was widely adopted.[13]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 "Bacillary Angiomatosis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology". 2017-02-09. Archived from the original on 2021-06-09. Retrieved 2021-05-28.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ↑ "About Bartonella quintana". Bartonella Infection. 10 June 2024.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 "Bacillary Angiomatosis - Bacillary Angiomatosis". Merck Manual Professional Edition. Retrieved 16 October 2024.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 Akram, Sami M.; Anwar, Muhammad Yasir; Thandra, Krishna C.; Rawla, Prashanth (2024). "Bacillary Angiomatosis". StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing.
- ↑ Koehler JE, Sanchez MA, Garrido CS, et al. (December 1997). "Molecular epidemiology of bartonella infections in patients with bacillary angiomatosis-peliosis". N. Engl. J. Med. 337 (26): 1876–83. doi:10.1056/NEJM199712253372603. PMID 9407154.
- ↑ Mateen FJ, Newstead JC, McClean KL (July 2005). "Bacillary angiomatosis in an HIV-positive man with multiple risk factors: A clinical and epidemiological puzzle". Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol. 16 (4): 249–52. doi:10.1155/2005/230396. PMC 2095030. PMID 18159553.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 "Bacillary angiomatosis (bartonella infection)". DermNet®. 26 October 2023.
- ↑ "Veterinary Guidance for Bartonella". Bartonella Infection. 17 May 2024. Retrieved 21 October 2024.
- ↑ Álvarez-Fernández, Alejandra; Breitschwerdt, Edward B.; Solano-Gallego, Laia (4 December 2018). "Bartonella infections in cats and dogs including zoonotic aspects". Parasites & Vectors. 11 (1): 624. doi:10.1186/s13071-018-3152-6. ISSN 1756-3305.
- ↑ Pennisi, Maria Grazia; Marsilio, Fulvio; Hartmann, Katrin; Lloret, Albert; Addie, Diane; Belák, Sándor; Boucraut-Baralon, Corine; Egberink, Herman; Frymus, Tadeusz; Gruffydd-Jones, Tim; Hosie, Margaret J; Lutz, Hans; Möstl, Karin; Radford, Alan D; Thiry, Etienne; Truyen, Uwe; Horzinek, Marian C (July 2013). "Bartonella Species Infection in Cats: ABCD guidelines on prevention and management". Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery. 15 (7): 563–569. doi:10.1177/1098612X13489214. ISSN 1098-612X.
- ↑ Stoler MH, Bonfiglio TA, Steigbigel RT, Pereira M (Nov 1983). "An atypical subcutaneous infection associated with acquired immune deficiency syndrome". Am J Clin Pathol. 80 (5): 714–8. doi:10.1093/ajcp/80.5.714. PMID 6637883.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ↑ Cockerell CJ, Whitlow MA, Webster GF, Friedman-Kien AE (Sep 1987). "Epithelioid angiomatosis: a distinct vascular disorder in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome or AIDS-related complex". Lancet. 2 (8560): 654–6. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(87)92442-1. PMID 2887942.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ↑ LeBoit PE, Berger TG, Egbert BM, Beckstead JH, Yen TS, Stoler MH (1989). "Bacillary angiomatosis. The histopathology and differential diagnosis of a pseudoneoplastic infection in patients with human immunodeficiency virus disease". Am J Surg Pathol. 13 (11): 909–20. doi:10.1097/00000478-198911000-00001. PMID 2802010.