Video:Adenovirus infection
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Definition and symptoms
Adenovirus infection is a contagious viral infection commonly resulting in a respiratory tract infection.[1]
Signs and symptoms1
Onset is usually 2 to 14 days after exposure to the virus.[2] However, some people have no symptoms.[3]
Signs and symptoms2
It typically presents as a common cold with a stuffy nose, coryza and cough,[1][4]
Signs and symptoms3
to breathing problems as in pneumonia.[1][4]
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Signs and symptoms4
General symptoms include swollen neck glands, fever, tiredness, muscle aches, headache, tummy ache, and sore throat.[4]
Signs and symptoms5
A mild eye infection may either occur on its own or combined with a sore throat and fever,[5]
Signs and symptoms6
or as a more severe adenovirus eye disease with a painful red eye, intolerance to light, and a yellowy discharge.[5]
Signs and symptoms7
Very young children may just have an earache.[4]
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Signs and symptoms8
It may also present as a gastroenteritis with vomiting, diarrhoea and tummy pain, with or without respiratory symptoms.[5]
Cause
In humans the condition is generally caused by Adenoviruses types B, C, E and F.[6]
Mechanism1
Spread occurs mainly when an infected person is in close contact with another person.[7]
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Mechanism2
This may occur by either fecal-oral route,[7]
Mechanism3
airborne transmission or small droplets containing the virus.[7] Less commonly, the virus may spread via contaminated surfaces.[7]
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Mechanism4
The illness is more likely to be severe in people with a weakened immune system.[8]
Complications
Respiratory complications include acute bronchitis, bronchiolitis and acute respiratory distress syndrome.[5][9]
Other complications
Other non-respiratory complications include meningitis, myocarditis, cardiomyopathy, pericarditis, kidney problems and hepatitis.[5]
Diagnosis
Diagnosis is by signs and symptoms, and a laboratory test is not usually required, though a PCR test on blood or respiratory secretions may detect adenovirus DNA.[3][8]
Differential
Other conditions that appear similar include whooping cough and other flu-like illnesses.[4] Adenovirus gastroenteritis appears similar to diarrhoea diseases caused by other infections.[10]
Prevention and treatment1
The condition may be prevented by washing hands, avoiding touching own eyes mouth and nose with unwashed hands, and avoiding being near sick people.[11]
Prevention and treatment2
Most adenovirus infections get better without any treatment.[11]
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Prevention and treatment3
A live vaccine to protect against types 4 and 7 adenoviruses has been used in some military personnel.[11]
Management
Management is generally symptomatic and supportive.[11] Medicines to ease pain and reduce fever can be bought over the counter.[11] An affected person can remain contagious for weeks and months even after getting better.[1]
Epidemiology1
Outbreaks typically occur in winter and spring, particularly in closed populations such as in hospitals, schools, and swimming pools.[2] Around one in ten respiratory infections in children,[2] and three quarters of conjunctivitis cases are due to adenovirus infection.[2][12]
Epidemiology2
In 2016 an estimated 75 million episodes of diarrhea among children under the age of five-years were attributable to adenovirus infection.[13][10]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 "Adenovirus Clinical Overview for Healthcare Professionals | CDC". www.cdc.gov. 29 November 2021. Archived from the original on 19 April 2022. Retrieved 26 April 2022.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Lynch, Joseph P.; Kajon, Adriana E. (August 2016). "Adenovirus: Epidemiology, Global Spread of Novel Serotypes, and Advances in Treatment and Prevention". Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 37 (4): 586–602. doi:10.1055/s-0036-1584923. ISSN 1069-3424. PMID 27486739. Archived from the original on 2022-04-08. Retrieved 2022-04-27.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Tesini, Brenda L. (April 2022). "Adenovirus Infections - Infectious Diseases". MSD Manual Professional Edition. Archived from the original on 18 February 2022. Retrieved 25 April 2022.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 Ison, Michael G. (2020). "341. Adenovirus diseases". In Goldman, Lee; Schafer, Andrew I. (eds.). Goldman-Cecil Medicine. Vol. 2 (26th ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier. p. 2162-2164. ISBN 978-0-323-55087-1. Archived from the original on 2023-03-20. Retrieved 2023-03-20.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 Shieh, Wun-Ju (10 September 2021). "Human adenovirus infections in pediatric population - An update on clinico-pathologic correlation". Biomedical Journal: S2319–4170(21)00109–8. doi:10.1016/j.bj.2021.08.009. ISSN 2320-2890. PMID 34506970. Archived from the original on 24 April 2022. Retrieved 23 April 2022.
- ↑ Flint, S. Jane; Nemerow, Glen R. (2017). "8. Pathogenesis". Human Adenoviruses: From Villains To Vectors. Singapore: World Scientific. p. 153-183. ISBN 978-981-310-979-7. Archived from the original on 2023-03-20. Retrieved 2023-03-20.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 "Adenovirus: transmission". www.cdc.gov. 29 November 2021. Archived from the original on 22 April 2022. Retrieved 24 April 2022.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Arnold, Amber; MacMahon, Eithne (1 December 2021). "Adenovirus infections". Medicine. 49 (12): 790–793. doi:10.1016/j.mpmed.2021.09.013. ISSN 1357-3039. Archived from the original on 24 April 2022. Retrieved 23 April 2022.
- ↑ Radke, Jay R.; Cook, James L. (June 2018). "Human adenovirus infections: update and consideration of mechanisms of viral persistence". Current opinion in infectious diseases. 31 (3): 251–256. doi:10.1097/QCO.0000000000000451. ISSN 0951-7375. PMID 29601326. Archived from the original on 2022-04-21. Retrieved 2022-04-23.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 Lee, B; Damon, CF; Platts-Mills, JA (October 2020). "Pediatric acute gastroenteritis associated with adenovirus 40/41 in low-income and middle-income countries". Current opinion in infectious diseases. 33 (5): 398–403. doi:10.1097/QCO.0000000000000663. PMID 32773498. Archived from the original on 2022-04-18. Retrieved 2022-05-05.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 "Adenovirus: preventing and treating Adenovirus". www.cdc.gov. 29 November 2021. Archived from the original on 22 April 2022. Retrieved 24 April 2022.
- ↑ Labib, Bisant A; Minhas, Bhawanjot K; Chigbu, DeGaulle I (17 March 2020). "Management of Adenoviral Keratoconjunctivitis: Challenges and Solutions". Clinical Ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.). 14: 837–852. doi:10.2147/OPTH.S207976. ISSN 1177-5467. PMID 32256043.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ↑ "Adenovirus Infection and Outbreaks: What You Need to Know" (PDF). Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 199. American Thoracic Society: 13–14. 2019. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-03-03. Retrieved 2022-05-03.