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File:(R)-Nicotine Structural Formula V1.svg

File:(S)-Nicotine Structural Formula V1.svg

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Visualizations_of_nicotine_molecules

Nicotine enantiomers have similar physical and chemical properties, yet in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that they have different pharmacological and toxicological properties.[1] For instance, studies have reported that S-nicotine is more toxic than R-nicotine in multiple species.[1] Consequently, the racemic mixture of nicotine is more toxic than R-nicotine.[1]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/2001:171B:C9AB:AC90:F13A:5B06:87A8:FF5F review edits

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_vaping_bans_in_the_United_States

The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) has called for immediate federal intervention to restrict the marketing and sale of e-cigarettes to young people in its policy statement "E-cigarettes and similar devices" that was published in February 2019.[2] The AAP also recommends that e-cigarettes be incorporated into the current tobacco-free laws and ordinances as stated in the AAP policy statement: E-cigarettes need stronger regulations to prevent youth access and use.[2]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cigarette#Electronic_cigarette

An electronic cigarette, also known as e-cigarette among other names,[note 1][4] is a battery-powered vaporizer that simulates smoking and provides some of the behavioral aspects of smoking, including the hand-to-mouth action of smoking, but without burning tobacco.[5] Using an e-cigarette is known as "vaping" and the user is referred to as a "vaper."[6] Instead of cigarette smoke, the user inhales an aerosol, commonly called vapor.[7] E-cigarettes typically have a heating element that atomizes a liquid solution called e-liquid.[8] E-cigarettes are activated by taking a puff.[9] Others turn on manually by pressing a button.[6] Some e-cigarettes look like traditional cigarettes,[10] and most versions are reusable.[note 2][11] There are various types of devices and a later type is a pod mod device.[12] E-liquids usually contain propylene glycol, glycerin, nicotine, flavorings, and additives[13] such as monosodium glutamate,[14] and can contain other substances such as the cannabinoids delta-9-THC, delta-8-THC, or cannabidiol,[15] and can contain differing amounts of contaminants[13] such as formaldehyde.[16] There is also a variety of unknown chemicals in the e-cigarette aerosol.[17]

The benefits and the health effects of e-cigarettes are uncertain.[18] They may help people quit smoking.[note 3][19] Children[20] and youth who use e-cigarettes are more likely to go on to smoke cigarettes.[21][22] Their usefulness as a tobacco harm reduction tool is unclear.[23] Regulated US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) nicotine replacement products may be safer than e-cigarettes,[24] but e-cigarettes are generally seen as safer than combusted tobacco products.[note 4][31][32][33] The long-term effects of e-cigarette use are unknown,[note 5][35][34][36] but it is more dangerous in the short-term than smoking.[29][37] Short-term use may lead to death.[29] Less serious adverse effects include abdominal pain, headache, blurry vision,[38] throat irritation, vomiting, nausea, and coughing.[39] Nicotine is highly addictive[27] and it poses an array of health risks[40] such as the stimulation of cancer development and growth.[note 6][33] In 2019 and 2020, an outbreak of severe vaping lung illness occurred in the US[43] and Canada.[note 7][46]

E-cigarettes create vapor made of fine and ultrafine particles of particulate matter,[39] which have been found to contain propylene glycol, glycerin, nicotine, flavors, small amounts of toxicants,[39] carcinogens,[note 8][49] and heavy metals, as well as metal nanoparticles, and other substances.[note 9][39] Its exact composition varies significantly across and within brands, and depends on the e-liquid contents, the device design, and user behavior, among other factors.[note 10][7] E-cigarette vapor potentially contains harmful chemicals not found in tobacco smoke.[51] E-cigarette vapor contains fewer toxic chemicals,[39] and lower concentrations of potentially toxic chemicals than in cigarette smoke.[52] During the stages when the brain is developing, there is a risk of brain damage to the unborn child, children, and adolescence from nicotine exposure.[13] Concern exists that the exhaled e-cigarette vapor may be inhaled by non-users, particularly indoors.[53] Children may be exposed to the developmental toxicant nicotine from indoor surfaces long after the e-cigarette vapor was exhaled.[13] Abstaining from vaping is beneficial for the environment.[54]

Since their entrance to the market in 2003,[41] global use has risen exponentially up to at least 2014.[55] The global number of adult e-cigarette users rose from around 7 million in 2011 to 41 million 2018,[56] and in 2021 it was estimated that there were 82 million e-cigarette users worldwide.[57] Most peoples' reason for vaping involve trying to quit smoking, though a large proportion use them recreationally.[9] Flavors appeal to non-smokers,[58] pregnant women,[59] young adults,[60] minors,[61] and children.[60] The e-cigarette was first invented by Herbert A. Gilbert in 1963, but the subsequent commercially viable design was patented by Hon Lik of China.[62] The revised EU Tobacco Products Directive came into effect in May 2016, providing stricter regulations for e-cigarettes.[63] As of August 2016, the US FDA extended its regulatory power to include e-cigarettes.[64] Large tobacco companies are actively marketing e-cigarettes to men smokers, men non-smokers, women, and children.[65] As of 2017, there were 433 brands of e-cigarettes.[66] Global sales were around $19.3 billion in 2019.[56]

Notes

  1. ↑ Vapes, vaporizers, vape pens, hookah pens, electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes or e-cigs), and e-pipes are some of the many terms used to describe electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS).[3] ENDS are noncombustible tobacco products.[3]
  2. ↑ E-cigarette devices can come in various forms that not only look like cigarettes and cigars but also look like common objects like USB flash drives or pens.[11] Typically, e-cigarette devices come with a rechargeable, battery-powered heating component and a replaceable or refillable e-liquid cartridge.[11] An atomizer within the device heats the liquid to turn it into an aerosol, that is subsequently inhaled by the user.[11] While the majority are rechargeable, there are also disposable variants.[11]
  3. ↑ A 2022 review states, "Evidence is mounting about the efficacy of e-cigarettes as a smoking cessation tool for those non-pregnant adults who have failed traditional, approved strategies, such as NRT (gum and patches), behavioral support, and medications (varenicline). However, the evidence on relapse to smoking and continued dual use of e-cigarettes are serious concerns as is the risk of nonsmokers who use of e-cigarettes may increase their risk of starting traditional combustible cigarettes."[19]
  4. ↑ A 2019 review concluded: "no long term vaping toxicological/safety studies have been done in humans; without these data, saying with certainty that e-cigarettes are safer than combustible cigarettes is impossible."[25] Early research seemed to indicate that vaping might be safer than traditional cigarettes and provide a different method to give up smoking, though mounting evidence does not substantiate this.[26] Evidence has not been presented to demonstrate that e-cigarettes are less dangerous than tobacco.[27] The short-term health effects of e-cigarettes can be severe[28] and the short-term harms of e-cigarettes is greater than tobacco products.[29] E-cigarettes are frequently viewed as a safer alternative to conventional cigarettes; however, evidence to support this perspective has not materialized.[30] This appears to be due to the presence of toxicants in e-liquid composition, their adverse effects in animal models, association with acute lung injury and cardiovascular disease, and ability to modulate different cell populations in the lung and blood towards pro-inflammatory phenotypes.[30]
  5. ↑ A 2018 review found that "The long-term effects of ECIG use are unknown, and there is therefore no evidence that ECIGs are safer than tobacco in the long term. Based on current knowledge, negative health effects cannot be ruled out."[34]
  6. ↑ A 2015 review found "Nicotine is well known to have serious systemic side effects in addition to being highly addictive. It adversely affects the heart, reproductive system, lung, kidney etc. Many studies have consistently demonstrated its carcinogenic potential...The objective was to look at the effects of nicotine without confounding effects of other toxins and carcinogens present in tobacco or tobacco smoke."[40] The American Heart Association cautions that nicotine raises heart rate and temporarily raises blood pressure and, based on animal studies, may promote narrowing and hardening of the vessels that supply the heart with oxygen.[41] E-cigarettes adversely impact the cardiovascular system.[42] Although the specific role of nicotine in cardiovascular disease remains debated, nicotine is not the only biologically active component in e-cigarette aerosol.[42] E-cigarettes work by creating an aerosol of ultrafine particles to carry nicotine deep into the lungs.[42] These particles are as small as—and sometimes smaller than—those in conventional cigarettes.[42] These ultrafine particles are themselves biologically active, trigger inflammatory processes, and are directly implicated in causing cardiovascular disease and acute cardiovascular events.[42] The dose-response effect for exposure to particles is nonlinear, with substantial increases in cardiovascular risk with even low levels of exposure to ultrafine particles.[42] E-cigarette and traditional cigarette smoking in healthy individuals with no known cardiovascular disease exhibit similar inhibition of the ability of arteries to dilate in response to the need for more blood flow.[42] This change reflects damage to the lining of the arteries (the vascular endothelium), which increases both the risk of long-term heart disease and an acute event such as a heart attack.[42] Although the International Agency for Research on Cancer does not consider nicotine to be a carcinogen, several studies demonstrate it is carcinogenic.[40] Nicotine has a strong tumor-inducing effect on several kinds of cancers.[33] This is because "nicotinic receptors are expressed on the surface of tumor and immune cells, enabling nicotine to directly affect the tumor microenvironment."[33]
  7. ↑ While vitamin E acetate is strongly linked to this outbreak, evidence is not sufficient to rule out the contribution of other chemicals of concern, including chemicals in either THC or non-THC products, in some of the reported vaping-related lung injury cases.[44] There is likely more than one cause of the outbreak.[45] The majority of cases in Canada involving lung injuries do not seem to have been connected with the use of THC-infused products.[46] In 2019, some people diagnosed with a vaping-induced lung injury reported using only nicotine-containing products.[47] Nicotine has been linked to the vaping-induced lung injury cases in a small subset of users.[48] In 2020, the first uptick in vaping-induced lung injury cases had occurred in Utah since the decline of 2019.[20] This research indicates the recurrent nature of the vaping-induced lung illness epidemic with new occurrences continuing to be reported.[20]
  8. ↑ A range of e-cigarette devices have been analyzed and found to generate aerosols containing formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acrolein, as well as the carcinogens N-nitrosonornicotine (NNN) and nicotine-derived nitrosamine ketones (NNK), all of which have been designated as carcinogenic to humans.[49]
  9. ↑ Comparisons between tobacco smoke and electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) aerosol showed that the latter released lower levels of toxic compounds (e.g., formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acrolein, and toluene) and reactive oxygen species, but non-negligible levels of potential carcinogens, heavy metals, tin, silicate beads, flavoring, and propylene oxide derived from propylene glycol heating (e-cigarette solvent).[50]
  10. ↑ A 2014 review found "In addition to the uniqueness of the liquid compositions in each brand, inconsistency of both the device performance properties and the data collection methodologies used by researchers contribute to the observed variation in constituent levels and to the range of particle size distributions among products."[7]


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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Salam, Sally; El-Hajj Moussa, Fatima; El-Hage, Rachel; El-Hellani, Ahmad; Aoun Saliba, Najat (20 March 2023). "A Systematic Review of Analytical Methods for the Separation of Nicotine Enantiomers and Evaluation of Nicotine Sources". Chemical Research in Toxicology. 36 (3): 334–341. doi:10.1021/acs.chemrestox.2c00310. PMC 10031562. PMID 36897818. {{cite journal}}: Check |pmc= value (help) This article incorporates text by Sally Salam, Fatima El-Hajj Moussa, Rachel El-Hage, Ahmad El-Hellani, and Najat Aoun Saliba available under the CC BY 4.0 license.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Sapru, Sakshi; Vardhan, Mridula; Li, Qianhao; Guo, Yuqi; Li, Xin; Saxena, Deepak (December 2020). "E-cigarettes use in the United States: reasons for use, perceptions, and effects on health". BMC Public Health. 20 (1): 1518. doi:10.1186/s12889-020-09572-x. This article incorporates text available under the CC BY 4.0 license.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Vaporizers, E-Cigarettes, and other Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (ENDS)". United States Food and Drug Administration. 29 June 2022.Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  4. ↑ Fadus, Matthew C.; Smith, Tracy T.; Squeglia, Lindsay M. (2019). "The rise of e-cigarettes, pod mod devices, and JUUL among youth: Factors influencing use, health implications, and downstream effects". Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 201: 85–93. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.04.011. ISSN 0376-8716. PMID 31200279.
  5. ↑ Caponnetto, Pasquale; Campagna, Davide; Papale, Gabriella; Russo, Cristina; Polosa, Riccardo (2012). "The emerging phenomenon of electronic cigarettes". Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine. 6 (1): 63–74. doi:10.1586/ers.11.92. ISSN 1747-6348. PMID 22283580. S2CID 207223131.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Orellana-Barrios, Menfil A.; Payne, Drew; Mulkey, Zachary; Nugent, Kenneth (2015). "Electronic cigarettes-a narrative review for clinicians". The American Journal of Medicine. 128 (7): 674–81. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2015.01.033. ISSN 0002-9343. PMID 25731134.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Cheng, T. (2014). "Chemical evaluation of electronic cigarettes". Tobacco Control. 23 (Supplement 2): ii11–ii17. doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2013-051482. ISSN 0964-4563. PMC 3995255. PMID 24732157.
  8. ↑ Weaver, Michael; Breland, Alison; Spindle, Tory; Eissenberg, Thomas (2014). "Electronic Cigarettes". Journal of Addiction Medicine. 8 (4): 234–240. doi:10.1097/ADM.0000000000000043. ISSN 1932-0620. PMC 4123220. PMID 25089953.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Rahman, Muhammad; Hann, Nicholas; Wilson, Andrew; Worrall-Carter, Linda (2014). "Electronic cigarettes: patterns of use, health effects, use in smoking cessation and regulatory issues". Tobacco Induced Diseases. 12 (1): 21. doi:10.1186/1617-9625-12-21. PMC 4350653. PMID 25745382.
  10. ↑ Pepper, J. K.; Brewer, N. T. (2013). "Electronic nicotine delivery system (electronic cigarette) awareness, use, reactions and beliefs: a systematic review". Tobacco Control. 23 (5): 375–384. doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2013-051122. ISSN 0964-4563. PMC 4520227. PMID 24259045.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 Drope, Jeffrey; Cahn, Zachary; Kennedy, Rosemary; Liber, Alex C.; Stoklosa, Michal; Henson, Rosemarie; Douglas, Clifford E.; Drope, Jacqui (November 2017). "Key issues surrounding the health impacts of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) and other sources of nicotine". CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians. 67 (6): 449–471. doi:10.3322/caac.21413. ISSN 0007-9235. PMID 28961314.
  12. ↑ Jenssen, Brian P.; Boykan, Rachel (2019). "Electronic Cigarettes and Youth in the United States: A Call to Action (at the Local, National and Global Levels)". Children. 6 (2): 30. doi:10.3390/children6020030. ISSN 2227-9067. PMC 6406299. PMID 30791645.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 England, Lucinda J.; Bunnell, Rebecca E.; Pechacek, Terry F.; Tong, Van T.; McAfee, Tim A. (2015). "Nicotine and the Developing Human". American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 49 (2): 286–93. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2015.01.015. ISSN 0749-3797. PMC 4594223. PMID 25794473.
  14. ↑ Kaur, Gurjot; Muthumalage, Thivanka; Rahman, Irfan (2018). "Mechanisms of toxicity and biomarkers of flavoring and flavor enhancing chemicals in emerging tobacco and non-tobacco products". Toxicology Letters. 288: 143–155. doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2018.02.025. ISSN 0378-4274. PMC 6549714. PMID 29481849.
  15. ↑ Sharma, Pravesh; Mathews, Doug B; Nguyen, Quang Anh; Rossmann, Gillian L; A Patten, Christi; Hammond, Christopher J (January 2023). "Old Dog, New Tricks: A Review of Identifying and Addressing Youth Cannabis Vaping in the Pediatric Clinical Setting". Clinical Medicine Insights: Pediatrics. 17. doi:10.1177/11795565231162297. PMC 10041590. PMID 36993933. {{cite journal}}: Check |pmc= value (help)
  16. ↑ Marcham, Cheryl L.; Springston, John P. (2019). "Electronic cigarettes in the indoor environment". Reviews on Environmental Health. 34 (2): 105–124. doi:10.1515/reveh-2019-0012. ISSN 2191-0308. PMID 31112510. S2CID 135122336.
  17. ↑ Lai, Lo; Qiu, Hongyu (April 2021). "Biological Toxicity of the Compositions in Electronic-Cigarette on Cardiovascular System". Journal of Cardiovascular Translational Research. 14 (2): 371–376. doi:10.1007/s12265-020-10060-1. ISSN 1937-5387. PMC 7855637. PMID 32748205.
  18. ↑ Travis, Nargiz; Knoll, Marie; Cadham, Christopher J.; Cook, Steven; Warner, Kenneth E.; Fleischer, Nancy L.; Douglas, Clifford E.; Sánchez-Romero, Luz María; Mistry, Ritesh; Meza, Rafael; Hirschtick, Jana L.; Levy, David T. (25 July 2022). "Health Effects of Electronic Cigarettes: An Umbrella Review and Methodological Considerations". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 19 (15): 9054. doi:10.3390/ijerph19159054. PMC 9330875. PMID 35897421.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Feeney, Susan; Rossetti, Victoria; Terrien, Jill (29 March 2022). "E-Cigarettes—a review of the evidence—harm versus harm reduction". Tobacco use insights. SAGE Publications. 15: 1179173X2210875. doi:10.1177/1179173x221087524. ISSN 1179-173X. PMC 8968985. PMID 35370428.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 Smith, Maxwell L.; Gotway, Michael B.; Crotty Alexander, Laura E.; Hariri, Lida P. (2020). "Vaping-related lung injury". Virchows Archiv. 478 (1): 81–88. doi:10.1007/s00428-020-02943-0. ISSN 0945-6317. PMC 7590536. PMID 33106908.
  21. ↑ "E-Cigarette Use Among Youth and Young Adults A Report of the Surgeon General: Fact Sheet" (PDF). Surgeon General of the United States. 2016.Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  22. ↑ National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; et al. (Committee on the Review of the Health Effects of Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems) (23 January 2018). "Summary". In Stratton, Kathleen; Kwan, Leslie Y.; Eaton, David L. (eds.). Public Health Consequences of E-Cigarettes. Washington, DC: National Academies Press. p. 16. doi:10.17226/24952. ISBN 978-0-309-46834-3. PMID 29894118.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  23. ↑ Versella, Mark V; Leyro, Teresa M (2019). "Electronic cigarettes and nicotine harm-reduction". Current Opinion in Psychology. 30: 29–34. doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2019.01.010. ISSN 2352-250X. PMID 30798019.
  24. ↑ Drummond, MB; Upson, D (February 2014). "Electronic cigarettes. Potential harms and benefits". Annals of the American Thoracic Society. 11 (2): 236–42. doi:10.1513/annalsats.201311-391fr. PMC 5469426. PMID 24575993.
  25. ↑ Gotts, Jeffrey E; Jordt, Sven-Eric; McConnell, Rob; Tarran, Robert (2019). "What are the respiratory effects of e-cigarettes?". BMJ. 366: l5275. doi:10.1136/bmj.l5275. ISSN 0959-8138. PMID 31570493.
  26. ↑ Kumar, P.S.; Clark, P.; Brinkman, M.C.; Saxena, D. (2019). "Novel Nicotine Delivery Systems". Advances in Dental Research. 30 (1): 11–15. doi:10.1177/0022034519872475. ISSN 0895-9374. PMID 31538804.
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 Herman, Melissa; Tarran, Robert (2020). "E‐cigarettes, nicotine, the lung and the brain: multi‐level cascading pathophysiology". The Journal of Physiology. 598 (22): 5063–5071. doi:10.1113/JP278388. ISSN 0022-3751. PMC 7721976. PMID 32515030.
  28. ↑ Gilley, Meghan; Beno, Suzanne (June 2020). "Vaping implications for children and youth". Current Opinion in Pediatrics. 32 (3): 343–348. doi:10.1097/MOP.0000000000000889. ISSN 1040-8703. PMID 32332326.
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 29.2 Bhatt, Jayesh Mahendra; Ramphul, Manisha; Bush, Andrew (2020). "An update on controversies in e-cigarettes". Paediatric Respiratory Reviews. 36: 75–86. doi:10.1016/j.prrv.2020.09.003. ISSN 1526-0542. PMC 7518964. PMID 33071065.
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 Snoderly, Hunter T.; Nurkiewicz, Timothy R.; Bowdridge, Elizabeth C.; Bennewitz, Margaret F. (18 November 2021). "E-Cigarette Use: Device Market, Study Design, and Emerging Evidence of Biological Consequences". International Journal of Molecular Sciences. MDPI AG. 22 (22): 12452. doi:10.3390/ijms222212452. ISSN 1422-0067. PMC 8619996. PMID 34830344. This article incorporates text by Hunter T. Snoderly,Timothy R. Nurkiewicz, Elizabeth C. Bowdridge, and Margaret F. Bennewitz available under the CC BY 4.0 license.
  31. ↑ Knorst, Marli Maria; Benedetto, Igor Gorski; Hoffmeister, Mariana Costa; Gazzana, Marcelo Basso (2014). "The electronic cigarette: the new cigarette of the 21st century?". Jornal Brasileiro de Pneumologia. 40 (5): 564–572. doi:10.1590/S1806-37132014000500013. ISSN 1806-3713. PMC 4263338. PMID 25410845.
  32. ↑ Burstyn, Igor (9 January 2014). "Peering through the mist: systematic review of what the chemistry of contaminants in electronic cigarettes tells us about health risks". BMC Public Health. 14 (1): 18. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-14-18. ISSN 1471-2458. PMC 3937158. PMID 24406205.
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 33.2 33.3 Mravec, Boris; Tibensky, Miroslav; Horvathova, Lubica; Babal, Pavel (2020). "E-Cigarettes and Cancer Risk". Cancer Prevention Research. 13 (2): 137–144. doi:10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-19-0346. ISSN 1940-6207. PMID 31619443.
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 Bals, Robert; Boyd, Jeanette; Esposito, Susanna; Foronjy, Robert; Hiemstra, Pieter S.; Jiménez-Ruiz, Carlos A.; Katsaounou, Paraskevi; Lindberg, Anne; Metz, Carlos; Schober, Wolfgang; Spira, Avrum; Blasi, Francesco (2019). "Electronic cigarettes: a task force report from the European Respiratory Society". European Respiratory Journal. 53 (2): 1801151. doi:10.1183/13993003.01151-2018. ISSN 0903-1936. PMID 30464018.
  35. ↑ Brady, Benjamin R.; De La Rosa, Jennifer S.; Nair, Uma S.; Leischow, Scott J. (2019). "Electronic Cigarette Policy Recommendations: A Scoping Review". American Journal of Health Behavior. 43 (1): 88–104. doi:10.5993/AJHB.43.1.8. ISSN 1087-3244. PMID 30522569.
  36. ↑ Tsai, MuChun; Byun, Min Kwang; Shin, John; Crotty Alexander, Laura E. (2020). "Effects of e‐cigarettes and vaping devices on cardiac and pulmonary physiology". The Journal of Physiology. 598 (22): 5039–5062. doi:10.1113/JP279754. ISSN 0022-3751. PMID 32975834.
  37. ↑ Bush, Andrew; Ferkol, Thomas; Valiulis, Algirdas; Mazur, Artur; Chkhaidze, Ivane; Maglakelidze, Tamaz; Sargsyan, Sergey; Boyajyan, Gevorg; Cirstea, Olga; Doan, Svitlana; Katilov, Oleksandr; Pokhylko, Valeriy; Dubey, Leonid; Poluziorovienė, Edita; Prokopčiuk, Nina; Taminskienė, Vaida; Valiulis, Arūnas (8 February 2021). "Unfriendly Fire: How the Tobacco Industry is Destroying the Future of Our Children". Acta medica Lituanica. 28 (1): 6–18. doi:10.15388/Amed.2020.28.1.6. PMC 8311841. PMID 34393624.
  38. ↑ Breland, Alison B.; Spindle, Tory; Weaver, Michael; Eissenberg, Thomas (2014). "Science and Electronic Cigarettes". Journal of Addiction Medicine. 8 (4): 223–233. doi:10.1097/ADM.0000000000000049. ISSN 1932-0620. PMC 4122311. PMID 25089952.
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 39.2 39.3 39.4 Grana, Rachel; Benowitz, Neal; Glantz, Stanton A. (13 May 2014). "E-Cigarettes: A Scientific Review". Circulation. 129 (19): 1972–1986. doi:10.1161/circulationaha.114.007667. PMC 4018182. PMID 24821826.
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 40.2 Chaturvedi, Pankaj; Mishra, Aseem; Datta, Sourav; Sinukumar, Snita; Joshi, Poonam; Garg, Apurva (2015). "Harmful effects of nicotine". Indian Journal of Medical and Paediatric Oncology. 36 (1): 24. doi:10.4103/0971-5851.151771. ISSN 0971-5851. PMC 4363846. PMID 25810571.
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 Bhatnagar, A.; Whitsel, L. P.; Ribisl, K. M.; Bullen, C.; Chaloupka, F.; Piano, M. R.; Robertson, R. M.; McAuley, T.; Goff, D.; Benowitz, N. (24 August 2014). "Electronic Cigarettes: A Policy Statement From the American Heart Association". Circulation. 130 (16): 1418–1436. doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000107. PMID 25156991.
  42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 42.2 42.3 42.4 42.5 42.6 42.7 Glantz, Stanton A.; Bareham, David W. (January 2018). "E-Cigarettes: Use, Effects on Smoking, Risks, and Policy Implications". Annual Review of Public Health. 39 (1): 215–235. doi:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040617-013757. ISSN 0163-7525. PMC 6251310. PMID 29323609. This article incorporates text by Stanton A. Glantz and David W. Bareham available under the CC BY 4.0 license.
  43. ↑ "Outbreak of Lung Injury Associated with the Use of E-Cigarette, or Vaping, Products". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 27 November 2020.Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  44. ↑ "Outbreak of Lung Injury Associated with the Use of E-Cigarette, or Vaping, Products". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 3 August 2021.Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  45. ↑ King, Brian A.; Jones, Christopher M.; Baldwin, Grant T.; Briss, Peter A. (2020). "The EVALI and Youth Vaping Epidemics — Implications for Public Health". New England Journal of Medicine. doi:10.1056/NEJMp1916171. ISSN 0028-4793. PMID 31951683.
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 "Vaping-associated lung illness". Public Health Agency of Canada. 20 August 2020.
  47. ↑ Ghinai, Isaac; Navon, Livia; Gunn, Jayleen K.L.; Duca, Lindsey M.; Brister, Sarah; Love, Sarah; Brink, Rachel; Fajardo, Geroncio; Johnson, Jona; Saathoff-Huber, Lori; King, Brian A.; Jones, Christopher M.; Krishnasamy, Vikram P.; Layden, Jennifer E. (24 January 2020). "Characteristics of Persons Who Report Using Only Nicotine-Containing Products Among Interviewed Patients with E-cigarette, or Vaping, Product Use–Associated Lung Injury — Illinois, August–December 2019". MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 69 (3): 84–89. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6903e1. PMC 7367041. PMID 31971930.Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  48. ↑ Marrocco, Antonella; Singh, Dilpreet; Christiani, David C.; Demokritou, Philip (16 March 2022). "E-cigarette vaping associated acute lung injury (EVALI): state of science and future research needs". Critical Reviews in Toxicology. 52 (3): 188–220. doi:10.1080/10408444.2022.2082918. PMC 9716650. PMID 35822508. {{cite journal}}: Check |pmc= value (help)
  49. ↑ 49.0 49.1 Famiglietti, Amber; Memoli, Jessica Wang; Khaitan, Puja Gaur (2021). "Are electronic cigarettes and vaping effective tools for smoking cessation? Limited evidence on surgical outcomes: a narrative review". Journal of Thoracic Disease. 13 (1): 384–395. doi:10.21037/jtd-20-2529. ISSN 2072-1439. PMC 7867832. PMID 33569219.
  50. ↑ Emma, Rosalia; Caruso, Massimo; Campagna, Davide; Pulvirenti, Roberta; Li Volti, Giovanni (September 2022). "The Impact of Tobacco Cigarettes, Vaping Products and Tobacco Heating Products on Oxidative Stress". Antioxidants. 11 (9): 1829. doi:10.3390/antiox11091829. This article incorporates text by Rosalia Emma, Massimo Caruso, Davide Campagna, Roberta Pulvirenti, and Giovanni Li Volti available under the CC BY 4.0 license.
  51. ↑ Hildick-Smith, Gordon J.; Pesko, Michael F.; Shearer, Lee; Hughes, Jenna M.; Chang, Jane; Loughlin, Gerald M.; Ipp, Lisa S. (2015). "A Practitioner's Guide to Electronic Cigarettes in the Adolescent Population". Journal of Adolescent Health. 57 (6): 574–9. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2015.07.020. ISSN 1054-139X. PMID 26422289.
  52. ↑ Fernández, Esteve; Ballbè, Montse; Sureda, Xisca; Fu, Marcela; Saltó, Esteve; Martínez-Sánchez, Jose M. (2015). "Particulate Matter from Electronic Cigarettes and Conventional Cigarettes: a Systematic Review and Observational Study". Current Environmental Health Reports. 2 (4): 423–9. doi:10.1007/s40572-015-0072-x. ISSN 2196-5412. PMID 26452675.
  53. ↑ Li, Liqiao; Lin, Yan; Xia, Tian; Zhu, Yifang (2020). "Effects of Electronic Cigarettes on Indoor Air Quality and Health". Annual Review of Public Health. 41 (1): 363–380. doi:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040119-094043. ISSN 0163-7525. PMC 7346849. PMID 31910714.
  54. ↑ Merecz-Sadowska, Anna; Sitarek, Przemyslaw; Zielinska-Blizniewska, Hanna; Malinowska, Katarzyna; Zajdel, Karolina; Zakonnik, Lukasz; Zajdel, Radoslaw (19 January 2020). "A Summary of In Vitro and In Vivo Studies Evaluating the Impact of E-Cigarette Exposure on Living Organisms and the Environment". International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 21 (2): 652. doi:10.3390/ijms21020652. ISSN 1422-0067. PMC 7013895. PMID 31963832.
  55. ↑ Rom, Oren; Pecorelli, Alessandra; Valacchi, Giuseppe; Reznick, Abraham Z. (2014). "Are E-cigarettes a safe and good alternative to cigarette smoking?". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1340 (1): 65–74. Bibcode:2015NYASA1340...65R. doi:10.1111/nyas.12609. ISSN 0077-8923. PMID 25557889.
  56. ↑ 56.0 56.1 Jones, Lora (15 September 2019). "Vaping: How popular are e-cigarettes? - Spending on e-cigarettes is growing". BBC News.
  57. ↑ Pisinger, Charlotta; Rasmussen, Sofie K. Bergman (21 October 2022). "The Health Effects of Real-World Dual Use of Electronic and Conventional Cigarettes versus the Health Effects of Exclusive Smoking of Conventional Cigarettes: A Systematic Review". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 19 (20): 13687. doi:10.3390/ijerph192013687. This article incorporates text by Charlotta Pisinger and Sofie K. Bergman Rasmussen available under the CC BY 4.0 license.
  58. ↑ Shields, Peter G.; Berman, Micah; Brasky, Theodore M.; Freudenheim, Jo L.; Mathe, Ewy A; McElroy, Joseph; Song, Min-Ae; Wewers, Mark D. (2017). "A Review of Pulmonary Toxicity of Electronic Cigarettes In The Context of Smoking: A Focus On Inflammation". Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention. 26 (8): 1175–1191. doi:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-17-0358. ISSN 1055-9965. PMC 5614602. PMID 28642230.
  59. ↑ Mescolo, Federica; Ferrante, Giuliana; La Grutta, Stefania (20 August 2021). "Effects of E-Cigarette Exposure on Prenatal Life and Childhood Respiratory Health: A Review of Current Evidence". Frontiers in Pediatrics. 9: 711573. doi:10.3389/fped.2021.711573. PMC 8430837. PMID 34513764.
  60. ↑ 60.0 60.1 Kaur, Gurjot; Gaurav, Anshuman; Lamb, Thomas; Perkins, Melanie; Muthumalage, Thivanka; Rahman, Irfan (19 November 2020). "Current Perspectives on Characteristics, Compositions, and Toxicological Effects of E-Cigarettes Containing Tobacco and Menthol/Mint Flavors". Frontiers in Physiology. 11: 613948. doi:10.3389/fphys.2020.613948.
  61. ↑ Cormet-Boyaka, Estelle; Zare, Samane; Nemati, Mehdi; Zheng, Yuqing (2018). "A systematic review of consumer preference for e-cigarette attributes: Flavor, nicotine strength, and type". PLOS ONE. 13 (3): e0194145. Bibcode:2018PLoSO..1394145Z. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0194145. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 5854347. PMID 29543907. This article incorporates text by Samane Zare, Mehdi Nemati, and Yuqing Zheng available under the CC BY 4.0 license.
  62. ↑ Bhalerao, Aditya; Sivandzade, Farzane; Archie, Sabrina Rahman; Cucullo, Luca (2019). "Public Health Policies on E-Cigarettes". Current Cardiology Reports. 21 (10). doi:10.1007/s11886-019-1204-y. ISSN 1523-3782. PMC 6713696. PMID 31463564.} This article incorporates text by Aditya Bhalerao, Farzane Sivandzade, Sabrina Rahman Archie, and Luca Cucullo available under the CC BY 4.0 license.
  63. ↑ "European court: Tougher rules on electronic cigarettes". Business Insider. Associated Press. 4 May 2016.
  64. ↑ "FDA's New Regulations for E-Cigarettes, Cigars, and All Other Tobacco Products". United States Food and Drug Administration. 17 August 2017.
  65. ↑ Crotty LE, Alexander; Vyas, A; Schraufnagel, DE; Malhotra, A (August 2015). "Electronic cigarettes: the new face of nicotine delivery and addiction". Journal of Thoracic Disease. 7 (8): E248–E251. doi:10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2015.07.37. PMC 4561260. PMID 26380791.
  66. ↑ Hsu, Greta; Sun, Jessica Y; Zhu, Shu-Hong (2018). "Evolution of Electronic Cigarette Brands From 2013-2014 to 2016-2017: Analysis of Brand Websites". Journal of Medical Internet Research. 20 (3): e80. doi:10.2196/jmir.8550. ISSN 1438-8871. PMC 5869180. PMID 29530840.
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