User:QuackGuru/Sand I

Figure 1 and 2

Figure 1.

Life cycle of the malarial parasite.

Proposed file name: File:Life cycle of the malarial parasite.png

File:Life cycle of the malarial parasite.png

{{Information
|description=The figure shows the life cycle of the malarial parasite.
|date=2025-05-21 
|source=https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/13/6/1270 https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12189726/
*{{cite journal|last1=Kaithamanakallam|first1=Rajesh Perumbilavil|last2=Patel|first2=Tirath|last3=Balachandran|first3=Bharati|last4=Fernandez|first4=Neville|last5=Jillwin|first5=Joseph|last6=Kashyap|first6=Dharambir|last7=Shivaprasad|first7=Aparna|last8=Udayan|first8=Uttam|last9=Kalyandrug|first9=Pragnesh|last10=Aakanksha|first10=Aakanksha|last11=Honnavar|first11=Prasanna|title=Malaria Vaccines and Global Equity: A Scoping Review of Current Progress and Future Directions|journal=Biomedicines|date=22 May 2025|volume=13|issue=6|pages=1270|doi=10.3390/biomedicines13061270|pmc=12189726|pmid=40563989}}
|author=Rajesh Perumbilavil Kaithamanakallam, Tirath Patel, Bharati Balachandran, Neville Fernandez, Joseph Jillwin, Dharambir Kashyap, Aparna Shivaprasad, Uttam Udayan, Pragnesh Kalyandrug, Aakanksha Aakanksha, and Prasanna Honnavar
|permission=This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).[https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/13/6/1270]
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[[Category:Malaria]]

Figure 2.

Malaria vaccines acting on different stages of the life cycle of the parasite.

Proposed file name: File:Life cycle of the malarial parasite.png

File:Malaria vaccines acting on different stages of the life cycle of the parasite.png

{{Information
|description=The figure shows the malaria vaccines acting on different stages of the life cycle of the parasite.
|date=2025-05-21 
|source=https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/13/6/1270 https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12189726/
*{{cite journal|last1=Kaithamanakallam|first1=Rajesh Perumbilavil|last2=Patel|first2=Tirath|last3=Balachandran|first3=Bharati|last4=Fernandez|first4=Neville|last5=Jillwin|first5=Joseph|last6=Kashyap|first6=Dharambir|last7=Shivaprasad|first7=Aparna|last8=Udayan|first8=Uttam|last9=Kalyandrug|first9=Pragnesh|last10=Aakanksha|first10=Aakanksha|last11=Honnavar|first11=Prasanna|title=Malaria Vaccines and Global Equity: A Scoping Review of Current Progress and Future Directions|journal=Biomedicines|date=22 May 2025|volume=13|issue=6|pages=1270|doi=10.3390/biomedicines13061270|pmc=12189726|pmid=40563989}}
|author=Rajesh Perumbilavil Kaithamanakallam, Tirath Patel, Bharati Balachandran, Neville Fernandez, Joseph Jillwin, Dharambir Kashyap, Aparna Shivaprasad, Uttam Udayan, Pragnesh Kalyandrug, Aakanksha Aakanksha, and Prasanna Honnavar
|permission=This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).[https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/13/6/1270]
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[[Category:Malaria]]

References

Discussion

Fig. 1

Fig. 1.

Potential gaps in protection that can hamper malaria control and elimination efforts, across partners, interventions and geographies

Proposed file name: File:Potential gaps in protection that can hamper malaria control and elimination efforts, across partners, interventions and geographies.png

File:Potential gaps in protection that can hamper malaria control and elimination efforts, across partners, interventions and geographies.png

{{Information
|description=The figure shows the potential gaps in protection that can hamper malaria control and elimination efforts, across partners, interventions and geographies.
|date=2023-02-07 
|source=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12936-023-04473-x https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9902240/
*{{cite journal|last1=Paaijmans|first1=Krijn P.|last2=Lobo|first2=Neil F.|title=Gaps in protection: the actual challenge in malaria elimination|journal=Malaria Journal|date=7 February 2023|volume=22|issue=1|doi=10.1186/s12936-023-04473-x|pmc=9902240|pmid=36747225}}
|author=Krijn P Paaijmans and Neil F Lobo
|permission=This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12936-023-04473-x#rightslink]
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[[Category:Malaria]]

References

Discussion

Tips to Deal with Stress Without Vaping

Tips to Deal with Stress Without Vaping

https://teen.smokefree.gov/therealcost?utm_source=The+Real+Cost&utm_medium=Website&utm_campaign=ENDS&utm_content=Find+Help+Vapes

Proposed file name: File:Tips to Deal with Stress Without Vaping.png

File:Tips to Deal with Stress Without Vaping.png

{{Information
|description=The Real Cost and Smokefree Teen present "Tips to Deal with Stress Without Vaping."
|date=2025
|source=https://teen.smokefree.gov/therealcost?utm_source=The+Real+Cost&utm_medium=Website&utm_campaign=ENDS&utm_content=Find+Help+Vapes
|author=The Real Cost
|permission=
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{{PD-USGov-HHS-NIH}}
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[[Category:Vaping-related graphics]]

Discussion

How to Quit Vaping

How to Quit Vaping

https://teen.smokefree.gov/quit-vaping/how-to-quit-vaping

Proposed file name: File:How to Quit Vaping.png

File:How to Quit Vaping.png

{{Information
|description=Smokefree Teen presents "How to Quit Vaping", a guide designed to help teens break free from vaping.
|date=2025
|source=https://teen.smokefree.gov/quit-vaping/how-to-quit-vaping
|author=teen.smokefree.gov
|permission=
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{{Retouched picture|The copyrighted stock image was replaced with [[:File:Ecigarette 2 svg hariadhi.svg]], and additional design features were layered onto it.}}

Text:
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Image:
{{self|cc-by-sa-4.0}}
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[[Category:Vaping-related graphics]]
[[Category:Anti-vaping]]

Discussion

Silver e-cigarette vector will replace copyrighted image.

Start with the section in bold "Know Why You’re Quitting" and end with the section in bold "Create Your Quit Plan" and the text immediately below it. Replace copyrighted stock image with the following image: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ecigarette_2_svg_hariadhi.svg Put it in a red circle with a red line going across it. It could be made into a GIF. With no aerosol, a bit of aerosol, and with more aerosol.

Color for red circle with a red line going across it: https://www.pantone.com/color-finder/185-C or https://www.bing.com/images/search?view=detailV2&ccid=qCCht%2fGp&id=B64C9B08E50D4E6226BC2A764736AB9A4FB761FA&thid=OIP.qCCht_GpXR7dMrcw9N_sdQHaLH&mediaurl=https%3a%2f%2fimage.tmdb.org%2ft%2fp%2foriginal%2fchpWmskl3aKm1aTZqUHRCtviwPy.jpg&cdnurl=https%3a%2f%2fth.bing.com%2fth%2fid%2fR.a820a1b7f1a95d1edd32b730f4dfec75%3frik%3d%252bmG3T5qrNkd2Kg%26pid%3dImgRaw%26r%3d0&exph=3000&expw=2000&q=tron+ares+2025+movie+poster&FORM=IRPRST&ck=3EE57ABD11AC54818C50937D58BEA364&selectedIndex=0&itb=0&idpp=overlayview&ajaxhist=0&ajaxserp=0

The red color inside the tires will work very well for the red circle with a red line going across it. Click on the image to expand it to get a better view of the red color. It could be made into a GIF with no aerosol, a bit of aerosol, and a bit more aerosol.

The anti-smoking category is very popular. One can be created for vaping.

Various pod-based vaping devices

https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CCDPHP/DCDIC/CTCB/Pages/ElectronicSmokingDevices.aspx - click on first link titles Vaping Devices, Electronic Cigarettes (E-Cigarettes): Pod-Based Devices 2019 (PDF).

https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CCDPHP/DCDIC/CTCB/CDPH%20Document%20Library/Community/EducationalMaterials/Pod-Based%20Vaping%20Devices.pdf

See image of pod mods on page 2.

Proposed file name: Various pod-based vaping devices.png

File:Various pod-based vaping devices.png

{{Information
|description=Various pod-based vaping devices
|date=2018
|source=https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CCDPHP/DCDIC/CTCB/CDPH%20Document%20Library/Community/EducationalMaterials/Pod-Based%20Vaping%20Devices.pdf
|author=California Department of Public Health
|permission=In general, information presented on this web site, unless otherwise indicated, is considered in the public domain.[https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Pages/Conditions-of-Use.aspx]
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[[Category:Electronic cigarettes]]

Discussion

Vaping cessation

Prevention, intervention, and community strategies

Parents and caregivers

Addressing the rising use of novel nicotine and tobacco products among adolescents requires comprehensive prevention strategies. Evidence suggests that no single approach is sufficient; rather, layered strategies in policy, education, and healthcare are needed. Educational campaigns that provide accurate information about the risks associated with e-cigarettes and heated tobacco products are essential. Parental involvement also plays a critical role: adolescents who receive strong support and clear communication from parents about the dangers of vaping are less likely to initiate such behaviors. Moreover, parents often underestimate the harmfulness of passive exposure to aerosols, which contain fine particles, heavy metals, and other volatile organic compounds. Educational intervention should highlight that second-hand exposure to electronic nicotine delivery systems and heated tobacco products may negatively affect respiratory health and neurodevelopment in children, reinforcing the need for smoke-free and vape-free homes. Counseling efforts should suggest that families recognize early signs of tobacco/nicotine use and encourage open dialogue at home.

Schools

School-based interventions have shown promise in increasing awareness and reducing intentions to use these products, even with uncertain impact on actual vaping behavior in the long term.

Currently, there are few trials which assessed interventions to prevent or reduce e-cigarette use in children and adolescents. A two-armed randomized controlled trial conducted in Denmark among more than 2,000 students analyzed the effectiveness of a comprehensive school tobacco policy in preventing the transition to poly-tobacco use. Students in the intervention group demonstrated 36% lower odds of transitioning from cigarette use at baseline to poly-tobacco use at follow-up compared with peers in control schools. This policy has been further supported by an online tobacco prevention program, which reduced both the intention and willingness to vape or smoke cigarettes among students, particularly for those at high risk. These findings highlight the effectiveness of school policies that can be implemented by lawmakers.

Integrating cessation programs within schools and community centers provides accessible support for youth. Programs that combine behavioral education with peer support about the risks of nicotine could be effective in reducing its use. Additionally, trauma-informed interventions that address underlying factors contributing to substance use may help in preventing initiation among high-risk adolescents.​

Clinicians

The figure shows the role of pediatricians in the prevention of nicotine and tobacco use among children and adolescents.

Pediatricians and primary care providers occupy a critical position in the prevention of e-cigarette use and nicotine addiction among children and adolescents. Their role includes the routine integration of screening, health education, preventive counseling, and appropriate referrals within the clinical care of youth populations. Furthermore, ongoing training and professional development, through dedicated workshops, webinars, and inclusion of vaping-related content in pediatric curricula, are essential to ensure that providers remain confident and up-to-date in addressing novel nicotine products effectively. Standard clinical visits present a key opportunity for intervention. Healthcare professionals are strongly encouraged to implement systematic screening for all novel products, including e-cigarettes, heated tobacco products and nicotine pouches. Such screening should involve developmentally appropriate, direct questioning to assess both current use and prior experimentation with nicotine-containing products. Beyond identification, clinicians should deliver counseling interventions that are both preventive and supportive. These include providing evidence-based education on the substantial health risks associated with nicotine exposure during adolescence, including its detrimental effects on neurodevelopment, cognitive performance, addiction potential, and its role as a possible gateway to other substances. Providers (including pediatricians and teachers) should communicate that e-cigarettes are not a safe alternative to combustible tobacco products and that they contain toxic compounds such as heavy metals, volatile organic compounds, and chemicals.

Counseling efforts should extend to parents and caregivers, who strongly influence adolescents’ health behaviors. Providers should suggest that families recognize early signs of tobacco/nicotine use, encourage open dialogue at home, and foster supportive environments that decrease the likelihood of initiation. For instance, during well-child visits, using targeted anticipatory guidance, including digital ones, following public health authorities’ guidelines. All clinicians play a critical preventive role by routinely asking about any tobacco or nicotine use, including e-cigarettes and pouches, during well visits and documenting it as part of the social history. Education should emphasize that no tobacco product is safe for young people, that even brief vaping can lead to dependence, and that vapors often contain harmful chemicals. When use is identified, clinicians must offer brief motivational counselling, refer patients and their families to cessation resources, and monitor progress at follow-up.

Importantly, brief, tailored health messages delivered by trusted healthcare professionals have been shown to influence adolescent behavior significantly. Given the high level of trust typically afforded to pediatricians and family physicians, their guidance can reinforce anti-vaping norms and strengthen preventive messaging both within both clinical and home settings. Effective approaches may include behavioral counseling, motivational interviewing, or engagement with school- or community-based tobacco cessation programs specifically tailored for youth.

Social media and community strategies

Studies conducted on young adults have explored the possibility of using social media for vaping prevention, and this approach has also appeared effective in recent trials to quit vaping and prevention. In fact, given the importance and the massive use of social media by children and adolescents, a study has evaluated how young adults perceive Instagram e-cigarette education posts by three different source types: a health expert, friend, and influencer, interestingly the posts published by the experts had higher perceived source credibility, trust, and curiosity, suggesting the involvement of health experts to improve the delivery and effectiveness of e-cigarette education messages on social media. Finally, when tobacco or nicotine use is identified, pediatricians and primary care providers should be prepared to deliver or refer patients to appropriate, evidence-based cessation interventions.

Regulatory frameworks

In the United States, the federal "Tobacco 21" law (2019, strengthened in 2024) forbids the sale of all tobacco and nicotine products, including e-cigarettes, heated tobacco products, and nicotine pouches, to individuals under the age of 21. E-cigarettes and heated tobacco products are regulated under Tobacco 21 but are not approved as smoking cessation aids. In August 2024, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) further strengthened these regulations, focusing on unlawful items and sales to minors, especially flavored e-cigarettes and nicotine pouches. Supplementary state and local regulations include taxation (Illinois), flavor bans (New York), restrictions on online sales (Vermont), and "Nicotine-Free Generation" statutes (Massachusetts). The FDA is currently proposing a tobacco product standard to regulate nicotine yield in cigarettes and other combusted tobacco products by September 15, 2025. This initiative aims to reduce addictiveness and support individuals in their efforts to quit smoking.

Australia strictly regulates nicotine containers and e-cigarettes, with vaping products exclusively available at pharmacies for smoking cessation purposes. Nicotine pouches are unlawful without prescription and have not been approved for safety and efficacy. New Zealand regulates e-cigarettes, heated tobacco products, and nicotine pouches, focusing on flavors, nicotine levels, and age of sale to reduce appeal to young people. The Act includes restrictions on flavors, nicotine levels, and age of sale, with the aim of reducing the appeal of these products, especially among young people. The retail sale of nicotine pouches is prohibited without specific medical approval.

In the United Kingdom, the Tobacco and Related Products Regulations regulate e-cigarettes by establishing restrictions on nicotine concentration, refill volumes, packaging, labeling, and advertising. HTP are subject to the generic tobacco framework, which lacks any specific provisions. In contrast, nicotine pouches are currently regulated solely as general consumer products, with no restrictions on the age of sale, nicotine content, flavors, or marketing. Since June 1, 2025, a ban on disposable vapes has come into force as the British government aims to stem their use and reduce health risks and litter, preventing the leaking of harmful chemicals into the environment. It is estimated that up to 5 million disposable vapes are discarded each week in the United Kingdom rather than being recycled. In February 2025, France proposed to EU Commission to ban also nicotine pouches, classifying them as poisonous substances.. The European Commission issued this notification, but its implementation was suspended until August 2025 following formal objections from several EU member states.

Germany regulates e-cigarettes and refill containers, with sales to minors under 18 prohibited under the Protection of Young Persons Act, which explicitly covers e-cigarettes and refill containers, with penalties for violations. heated tobacco products are treated as conventional tobacco products. Nicotine pouches are classified as unauthorized "novel foods" and commercial sale is prohibited unless specifically authorized under EU novel food regulation.

The regulation of e-cigarettes poses a significant challenge for global health authorities due to the rapid evolution of electronic nicotine delivery systems and their growing popularity, particularly among youth. Initially introduced as smoking cessation aids, e-cigarettes have evolved into recreational products, often marketed through channels attractive to adolescents. Regulatory efforts vary widely across countries. Formally, all countries ban sales of nicotine products to minors, but enforcement varies. In most of the EU, legislation remains relatively lenient, indirectly, while in Australia, stricter controls have been implemented, allowing electronic nicotine delivery systems sale only via prescription. The US has raised the minimum age for purchase to 21 years. In particular, the Australian policy seems quite effective in reducing vaping among youth. A comparative study between found that although New Zealand's less restrictive policies, contributed to faster declines in adult smoking, they may also have increased youth vaping.

Despite such efforts, regulatory loopholes persist. For instance, nicotine-free vapes remain accessible to minors, and social media marketing continues to evade age-gating protocols. Many regulations impose product safety standards but do not formally approve e-cigarettes as smoking cessation tools. Also, the online market usually has weak control and less strict regulations, allowing people to escape from the bans. For instance, a study conducted in California showed a rise in online shopping queries following the introduction of flavor restriction, showing that on-line market rules must be enforced in order to prevent irregular selling.

In Italy, the regulation of e-cigarettes falls under a combination of national and European Union laws. The main primary legislative framework comes from the European Tobacco Products Directive 2014/40, which Italy has implemented in 2016. Italy regulates e-cigarettes as tobacco products, prohibiting sales to individuals aged 18 and over, banning online and distance sales, and restricting use in government buildings. Heated tobacco products have lighter regulatory requirements and preferential taxation. Nicotine pouches, initially unregulated, have been subject to control since 2022, but are not covered by the tobacco regulations. This law regulates the manufacture, presentation, and sale of electronic nicotine delivery systems and refill containers. E-cigarette products must comply with rules on ingredient disclosure, health warnings, packaging, and advertising restrictions. Nicotine-containing e-liquids must not exceed a concentration of 20 mg/mL, and their packaging must include child-resistant mechanisms and warnings about addiction. Italy prohibits the sale of e-cigarettes and heated tobacco products to individuals under 18 years of age. Retailers must verify age both in physical stores and online, although enforcement of these rules has been inconsistently applied. Moreover, in Italy, advertising is tightly restricted: promotional content for e-cigarettes is banned on TV, radio, newspapers, and magazines. However, on social media, youth-targeted content may still appear. To counteract this, the Italian Ministry of Health periodically issues public health warnings and campaigns highlighting the risks of youth vaping and nicotine addiction. Italy also imposes a tax on e-liquids, both with and without nicotine. This tax was initially high, leading to the growth of an illicit market and consumer pushback. In response, the government revised the tax structure in 2019 to make legal products more accessible while maintaining revenue and public health goals. Nonetheless, in 2022, 15% of 13-to 15-year-olds reported buying e-cigarettes directly from retailers, with nearly half getting them from a relative or friend. Furthermore, according to the Global Youth Tobacco Survey, more than 70% of current vapers who attempted to buy e-cigarettes or heated tobacco products from tobacconists reported not being refused by the retailer because they were underage.

United Kingdom is another example that legislative intervention can actually determine a fast response in tackling vaping addiction. In 2024, the British government announced plans to introduce new vaping policies, including a ban on disposable vapes, in order to prevent youth vaping. A recent study which uses data from the Smoking Toolkit Study, an ongoing monthly cross-sectional survey on young people from 16 years of age, the prevalence of young “vapers” stabilized rather than increasing. With the disposable vape ban introduced in June 2025, its long-term impact on future generations will warrant close monitoring. In the US, seven states have policies restricting the sale of flavored e-cigarettes. A recent cross-sectional study has shown some reduction in e-cigarette use among young adults but has caused an unintended increase in traditional cigarettes consumption. This shows that one policy is not sufficient, and multiple legislations are needed to prevent youth vaping.

As evidenced in a systematic review assessing the effectiveness of regulatory strategies aimed at preventing or reducing e-cigarette use among youth (ages 12–21) in high-income countries, the most promising strategies include flavor bans, sales licenses, warning labels, and taxation, while age restriction, although the most widely adopted, demonstrated variable results.

Calls for comprehensive reform include aligning vaping laws with those regulating tobacco products: banning flavored e-liquids, enforcing plain packaging, and restricting use in public areas. Stronger surveillance, tax policies, and educational campaigns are also vital. Given the increasing health evidence and the risk of creating a new generation of nicotine users, regulatory frameworks must evolve rapidly to prioritize youth protection while supporting harm reduction strategies for adult smokers.

Evidence indicates that combined regulations, particularly when implemented early and in coordination, are more effective than isolated measures. A comprehensive strategy, including flavor and marketing bans, taxation, strict age-verification, restrictions on use in public places to limit both direct use and secondhand exposure, plain packaging, and sales licensing, will reduce product appeal, accessibility, and involuntary inhalation. Such an integrated approach targeting price, availability, and desirability is essential to protect adolescents from nicotine initiation and to safeguard public health.

Taxation of e-liquids, enforcement of minimum-price policies, and mandatory special licenses for vaping retailers have proven highly effective at curbing youth access by making products less affordable and more difficult for minors to obtain. Moreover, revenue generated from these measures can be reinvested in prevention programs, creating a sustainable funding stream to support educational and cessation initiatives.

Ongoing surveillance of adolescent nicotine uses and robust research into the long-term health effects of electronic nicotine delivery systems, heated-tobacco products, and oral pouches remains essential. Public-health agencies across Europe should systematically collect age-specific data on single and dual-use patterns and allocate funding to studies examining neurodevelopmental impact, respiratory outcomes, and addiction trajectories in youth, where current evidence is still limited.