Self-preservation

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Self-preservation is a behavior or set of behaviors that ensures the survival of an organism.[1] It is thought to be universal among all living organisms. For sentient organisms, pain and fear are integral parts of this mechanism. Pain motivates the individual to withdraw from damaging situations, to protect a damaged body part while it heals, and to avoid similar experiences in the future.[2] Most pain resolves promptly once the painful stimulus is removed and the body has healed, but sometimes pain persists despite removal of the stimulus and apparent healing of the body; and sometimes pain arises in the absence of any detectable stimulus, damage or disease.[3] Fear causes the organism to seek safety and may cause a release of adrenaline,[4][5] which has the effect of increased strength and heightened senses such as hearing, smell, and sight. Self-preservation may also be interpreted figuratively, in regard to the coping mechanisms one needs to prevent emotional trauma from distorting the mind (see Defence mechanisms).

Even the most simple of living organisms (for example, the single-celled bacteria) are typically under intense selective pressure to evolve a response that would help avoid a damaging environment, if such an environment exists. Organisms also evolve while adapting – even thriving – in a benign environment (for example, a marine sponge modifies its structure in response to current changes, in order to better absorb and process nutrients). Self-preservation is therefore an almost universal hallmark of life. However, when introduced to a novel threat, many species will have a self-preservation response either too specialised, or not specialised enough, to cope with that particular threat.[citation needed] An example is the dodo, which evolved in the absence of natural predators and hence lacked an appropriate, general self-preservation response to heavy predation by humans and rats, showing no fear of them.

Self-preservation is essentially the process of an organism preventing itself from being harmed or killed and is considered a basic instinct in most organisms.[6] Most call it a "survival instinct". Self-preservation is thought to be tied to an organism's reproductive fitness and can be more or less present according to perceived reproduction potential.[7] If perceived reproductive potential is low enough, self-destructive behavior (i.e., the opposite) is not uncommon in social species.[8] Self-preservation is also thought by some to be the basis of rational and logical thought and behavior.[9]

Overview

An organism's fitness is measured by its ability to pass on its genes. The most straightforward way to accomplish this is to survive to a reproductive age, mate, and then have offspring. These offspring will hold at least a portion of their parent's genes, up to all of the parent's genes in asexual organisms. But in order for this to happen, an organism must first survive long enough to reproduce, and this would mainly consist of adopting selfish behaviors that would allow organisms to maximize their own chances for survival.

Self-destructive behavior

Animals in a social group (of kin) often work cooperatively in order to survive, but when one member perceives itself as a burden for an extended period of time, it may commit self-destructive behavior.[7] This allows its relatives to have a better chance at survival, and if enough close relatives survive, then its genes get indirectly passed on.[7] This behavior works in the exact opposite direction of the survival instinct and could be considered a highly altruistic behavior evolved from a cooperative group. Self-destructive behavior is not the same as risk-taking behavior (see below in Social implications), although risk-taking behavior could turn into destructive behavior.

Social implications

The desire for self-preservation has led to countless laws and regulations surrounding a culture of safety in society.[10] Seat belt laws, speed limits, texting regulations, and the "stranger danger" campaign are examples of societal guides and regulations to enhance survival, and these laws are heavily influenced by the pursuit of self-preservation.

Economic impacts

Self-preservation urges animals to collect energy and resources required to prolong life as well as resources that increase chances of survival. Basic needs are available to most humans (roughly 7 out of 8 people),[11] and usually rather cheaply. The instinct that drives humans to gather resources now drives them to over-consumption or to patterns of collection and possession that essentially make hoarding resources the priority.[12]

Cellular self preservation

Self-preservation is not just limited to individual organisms; this can be scaled up or down to other levels of life. Narula and Young[13] indicate that cardiac myocytes have an acute sense of self-preservation. They are able to duck, dart, and dodge foreign substances that may harm the cell. In addition, when a myocardiac arrest – a heart attack – occurs, it is actually the cardiac myocytes entering a state of hibernation in an attempt to wait out a lack of resources.[13] While this is ultimately deadly to the organism, it prolongs the cell's survival as long as possible for hopeful resuscitation.[13]

Group self preservation

When scaled in the opposite direction, Hughes-Jones[14] makes the argument that "social groups that fight each other are self‐sustaining, self‐replicating wholes containing interdependent parts" indicating that the group as a whole can have self-preservation with the individuals acting as the cells.

He makes an analogy between the survival practices such as hygiene and the ritual nature within small human groups or the nations that engage in religious warfare with the complex survival mechanisms of multi-cellular organisms that evolved from the cooperative association of single cell organisms in order to better protect themselves.[clarification needed]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Self-preservation - definition of self-preservation by The Free Dictionary". TheFreeDictionary.com.
  2. ^ Lynn B (1984). "Cutaneous nociceptors". In Winlow W, Holden AV (ed.). The neurobiology of pain: Symposium of the Northern Neurobiology Group, held at Leeds on 18 April 1983. Manchester: Manchester University Press. p. 106. ISBN 0-7190-0996-0.
  3. ^ Raj PP (2007). "Taxonomy and classification of pain". In Niv D, Kreitler S, Diego B, Lamberto A (eds.). The Handbook of Chronic Pain. Nova Biomedical Books. ISBN 978-1-60021-044-0.
  4. ^ Henry Gleitman, Alan J. Fridlund and Daniel Reisberg (2004). Psychology (6 ed.). W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-97767-7.
  5. ^ "Fear factors". CBC News. 31 October 2007.
  6. ^ "Definition of SELF-PRESERVATION". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 2017-12-01.
  7. ^ a b c Brown, R. Michael; Dahlen, Eric; Mills, Cliff; Rick, Jennifer; Biblarz, Arturo (1999-03-01). "Evaluation of an Evolutionary Model of Self-Preservation and Self-Destruction". Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior. 29 (1): 58–71. doi:10.1111/j.1943-278X.1999.tb00763.x. ISSN 1943-278X. PMID 10322621. S2CID 28200019.
  8. ^ de Catanzaro, Denys (1991-01-01). "Evolutionary limits to self- preservation". Ethology and Sociobiology. 12 (1): 13–28. doi:10.1016/0162-3095(91)90010-N.
  9. ^ Karni, Edi; Schmeidler, David (1986-03-01). "Self-preservation as a foundation of rational behavior under risk". Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization. 7 (1): 71–81. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.598.6500. doi:10.1016/0167-2681(86)90022-3.
  10. ^ Lyng, Stephen (1990). "Edgework: A Social Psychological Analysis of Voluntary Risk Taking". American Journal of Sociology. 95 (4): 851–886. doi:10.1086/229379. JSTOR 2780644. S2CID 144098424.
  11. ^ "As World's Population Booms, Will Its Resources Be Enough for Us?". 2014-09-21. Archived from the original on September 20, 2014. Retrieved 2017-12-01.
  12. ^ Bush, Ronald F.; Hunt, Shelby D. (2011-10-15). Marketing Theory: Philosophy of Science Perspectives. Marketing Classics Press. ISBN 9781613112281.
  13. ^ a b c Narula, Jagat; Young, James B. (2005-07-01). "Pathogenesis of Heart Failure: The Penultimate Survival Instinct?". Heart Failure Clinics. 1 (2): xi–xii. doi:10.1016/j.hfc.2005.06.015. ISSN 1551-7136.
  14. ^ Hughes-Jones, Nevin (2000-04-01). "Inter-group aggression: The multi-individual organism and the survival instinct". Medicine, Conflict and Survival. 16 (2): 231–235. doi:10.1080/13623690008409516. ISSN 1362-3699. PMID 10893943. S2CID 30179440.
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