Rhinosporidiosis

From WikiProjectMed
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Rhinosporidiosis
Other names: Rhinosporidiosis of mucosal membranes[1]
  • Top:Cutaneous rhinosporidiosis.
  • Bottom: Rhinosporidiosis in oropharynx
SpecialtyInfectious disease
SymptomsConjunctivitis, bloody Tears, photophobia, rhinorrhea, epistaxis[1]
CausesRhinosporidium seeberi[1]
Risk factorsSwimming near stagnant water source,living in tropical climate[1]
Diagnostic methodBiopsy[1]
Differential diagnosisPyogenic granuloma,conjunctival papilloma, hemangioma,chronic infection[1]
TreatmentSurgery,dapsone and amphotericin B[1]

Rhinosporidiosis is an infection caused by Rhinosporidium seeberi.A painless, soft, polypoid mass that can cause nasal obstruction or bleeding[2][3][1]

Tissue biopsy is used to identify the organism.Rhinosporidiosis is most common in tropical and subtropical areas, especially in South Asia and Sri Lanka. It's also been reported in the Americas, Europe, and Africa[1][4]

Classification

This organism was previously considered to be a fungus, and rhinosporidiosis is classified as a fungal disease under ICD-10. It is now considered to be a protist[5] classified under Mesomycetozoea.[6]

Authors of detailed studies have revealed superficial similarities between Dermocystidium and Rhinosporidium when using light microscopy, but substantial morphological differences between the groups exist.[7]

There is some evidence that DNA extracted from purified uncontaminated round bodies (Rhinosporidium seeberi) is of cyanobacterial origin.[8]

Signs and symptoms

Eye rhinosporidiosis

The clinical presentation of Rhinosporidiosis is as follows:[9]

  • Difficulty breathing (nasopharynx )
  • Rhinorrhea (nasopharynx)
  • Anosmia (nasopharynx )
  • Itching
  • Bloody tears

Cause

Rhinosporidium seeberi is a eukaryotic pathogen responsible for rhinosporidiosis, a disease which affects humans, horses, and dogs.[10] Rhinosporidium is generally classified as having a single species, although some evidence indicates that different host species may be infected by different strains.[11]

Pathophysiology

Rhinosporidiosis is a granulomatous disease affecting the mucous membrane of nasopharynx, oropharynx, conjunctiva, rectum and external genitalia. Though the floor of the nose and inferior turbinate are the most common sites, the lesions may appear elsewhere too. Traumatic inoculation from one site to others is common. Laryngeal rhinosporidiosis, too, has been described and may be due to inoculation from the nose during endotracheal intubation. After inoculation, the organism replicates locally, resulting in hyperplasia of host tissue and localised immune response.[12][1][13]

Diagnosis

The diagnosis of for this condition is done via the following (though it is confirmed by biopsy and histopathology - several round or oval sporangia and spores which may be seen bursting through its chitinous wall):[16][1][17][13]

  • Cytology smear shows a ruptured sporangium with many endospores

    Cytology smear shows a ruptured sporangium with many endospores

  • Contrast-enhanced CT PNS a) Axial image shows an enhancing soft tissue lesion (black arrow) in the right inferior nasal cavity extending through the choana into the nasopharynx. b) Coronal section shows lobulated nasopharyngeal extension of the lesion (white arrow) with prominent leash of blood vessels. c) Anterior rhinoscopy shows a red fleshy mass with whitish spots in the right nasal cavity. Diagnosis after surgery confirmed as rhinosporidiosis

    Contrast-enhanced CT PNS a) Axial image shows an enhancing soft tissue lesion (black arrow) in the right inferior nasal cavity extending through the choana into the nasopharynx. b) Coronal section shows lobulated nasopharyngeal extension of the lesion (white arrow) with prominent leash of blood vessels. c) Anterior rhinoscopy shows a red fleshy mass with whitish spots in the right nasal cavity. Diagnosis after surgery confirmed as rhinosporidiosis

Coccidioidomycosis

Differential diagnosis

The DDx of Rhinosporidiosis, in an affected individual is as follows:[18]

Treatment

In terms of management for Rhinosporidiosis we find the following:[1][19][20]

  • Surgical excision - wide excision with wide area electro-coagulation of the lesion base
  • Medical treatment is as effective but treatment with a year-long course of dapsone has been reported

Epidemiology

In terms of prevalence we find the Rhinosporidiosis has been identified in over 70 countries around the world.[2]

The disease is endemic in Chhattisgarh South India, Sri Lanka, South America and Africa. It is presumed to be transmitted by exposure to the pathogen when taking a bath in stagnant water pools where animals also bathe.[14][4]

  • Areas of high incidence(2015)[21]

    Areas of high incidence(2015)[21]

  • South America

    South America

History

As to history, we find that Rhinosporidiosis was first identified by Guillermo Seeber in 1892. He comprehensively described the disease and its causative agent, Rhinosporidium seeberi, in the year 1900.[22][23]

References

  1. ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 "Rhinosporidiosis - EyeWiki". eyewiki.org. Archived from the original on 29 May 2023. Retrieved 14 December 2024.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Arseculeratne, SN (1 July 2002). "Recent Advances in Rhinosporidiosis and Rhinosporidium Seeberi". Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology. 20 (3): 119–131. doi:10.1016/S0255-0857(21)03243-6. ISSN 0255-0857. PMID 17657050. Archived from the original on 16 April 2024. Retrieved 17 December 2024.
  3. ↑ Arseculeratne SN (April 2005). "Rhinosporidiosis: what is the cause?". Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis. 18 (2): 113–8. doi:10.1097/01.qco.0000160898.82115.e8. PMID 15735413.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Chandran, Megha; Mehta, Rupa; NAGARKAR, NITIN; Bhargava, Anudita; Mohapatra, Eli; Pati, Saroj (September 2023). "Rhinosporidiosis- Epidemiological Clinicoradiological Immunological Profile". Iranian Journal of Otorhinolaryngology. 35 (5): 255–262. doi:10.22038/IJORL.2023.68378.3331 (inactive 22 December 2024). PMC 10712551. PMID 38090617.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of December 2024 (link)
  5. ↑ Morelli L, Polce M, Piscioli F, et al. (2006). "Human nasal rhinosporidiosis: an Italian case report". Diagn Pathol. 1 (1): 25. doi:10.1186/1746-1596-1-25. PMC 1560165. PMID 16945122.
  6. ↑ "Rhinosporidiosis". Archived from the original on 2021-09-23. Retrieved 2021-06-17. Archived 2021-09-23 at the Wayback Machine
  7. ↑ Pekkarinen, Low, Murphy, Ragan and Dykova. 2003. Phylogenetic position and ultrastructure of two Dermocystidium species are(Ichthyosporea) from the common perch (Perca fluviatilis) Archived 2007-10-10 at the Wayback Machine. Acta Protozoologica Vol. 42:287-307
  8. ↑ Dhaulakhandi, Ahluwalia, Ravi and Garg. 2006. Detection of 16S rRNA gene in round bodies isolated from polyps of rhinosporidiosis. Infection, Genetics and Evolution Vol. 6:331-336
  9. ↑ "Rhinosporidiosis - EyeWiki". eyewiki.aao.org. Archived from the original on 27 May 2022. Retrieved 4 November 2022. Archived 27 May 2022 at the Wayback Machine
  10. ↑ Alexis Berrocal & Alfonso López (March 2007), "Nasal rhinosporidiosis in a mule", Can Vet J, vol. 48, no. 3, pp. 305–6, PMC 1800950, PMID 17436910
  11. ↑ Silva, V; Pereira, Cn; Ajello, L; Mendoza, L (Apr 2005). "Molecular evidence for multiple host-specific strains in the genus Rhinosporidium". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 43 (4): 1865–8. doi:10.1128/JCM.43.4.1865-1868.2005. PMC 1081358. PMID 15815010.
  12. ↑ Ajit Daharwal, Hansa Banjara, Digvijay Singh, Anuj Gupta, Surjeet Singh. 2011. A rare case of laryngeal rhinosporidiosis Archived 2021-03-09 at the Wayback Machine. J Laryngol Voice 2011;1:30-2
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Das, Shukla; Kashyap, Bineeta; Barua, Madhumita; Gupta, Neelima; Saha, Rumpa; Vaid, Lakshmi; Banka, Alok (1 April 2011). "Nasal rhinosporidiosis in humans: new interpretations and a review of the literature of this enigmatic disease". Medical Mycology. 49 (3): 311–315. doi:10.3109/13693786.2010.526640. ISSN 1369-3786. PMID 20954821.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Giri, Anjan K.; Padhan, Srikanta; Galhotra, Abhiruchi (2022). "Epidemiology of Rhinosporidiosis". Rhinosporidiosis. Springer: 7–16. doi:10.1007/978-981-16-8508-8_2. ISBN 978-981-16-8507-1. Retrieved 16 December 2024.
  15. ↑ Nemade, Sanjana Vijay; Shinde, Kiran Jaywant (2021). "Rhinosporidiosis". Granulomatous diseases in Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck. Springer. pp. 129–135. doi:10.1007/978-981-16-4047-6_14. ISBN 978-981-16-4047-6.
  16. ↑ Arias, Andrés F.; Romero, Sergio D.; Garcés, Carlos G. (3 February 2021). "Case Report: Rhinosporidiosis Literature Review". The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 104 (2): 708–711. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.20-0291. PMC 7866367. PMID 33289469.
  17. ↑ Quick Review Series: Microbiology. Elsevier India. 2009. p. 329. ISBN 978-81-312-1971-3. Retrieved 22 December 2024.
  18. ↑ Prieto-Granada, Carlos N.; Lobo, Alice Z. C.; Mihm, Martin C. (1 January 2018). "20 - Skin Infections". Diagnostic Pathology of Infectious Disease (Second ed.). Elsevier. pp. 542–647. ISBN 978-0-323-44585-6.
  19. ↑ Arora, Ripu Daman; Nagarkar, Nitin M.; Chandran, Megha (2022). "Treatment of Rhinosporidiosis". Rhinosporidiosis. Springer. pp. 77–81. doi:10.1007/978-981-16-8508-8_9. ISBN 978-981-16-8508-8.
  20. ↑ Doddawad, Vidya G.; Singh, Ranbir; S, Shivananda (1 March 2022). "A new technique to resolve Nasal Rhinosporidiosis: A case report with review of literature". International Journal of Surgery Case Reports. 92: 106807. doi:10.1016/j.ijscr.2022.106807. ISSN 2210-2612. PMID 35180588.
  21. ↑ Prakash, M.; Johnny, J. Carlton (April 2015). "Rhinosporidiosis and the pond". Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences. 7 (Suppl 1): S59. doi:10.4103/0975-7406.155804. ISSN 0976-4879. PMID 26015750. Archived from the original on 6 June 2024. Retrieved 20 December 2024.
  22. ↑ Narayan, Krishna Gopal; Sinha, Dharmendra Kumar; Singh, Dhirendra Kumar (2024). "Rhinosporidiosis". Handbook of Management of Zoonoses. Springer Nature: 757–760. doi:10.1007/978-981-99-9885-2_72. ISBN 978-981-99-9884-5.
  23. ↑ Mendoza, Leonel; Vilela, Raquel (1 January 2009). "CHAPTER 18 - Anomalous fungal and fungal-like infections: lacaziosis, pythiosis, and rhinosporidiosis". Clinical Mycology (Second ed.). Churchill Livingstone. pp. 403–415. ISBN 978-1-4160-5680-5.

External links

Classification
External resources
Retrieved from "https://mdwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Rhinosporidiosis&oldid=1445034"