Plasmin-α2-antiplasmin complex

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Plasmin-α2-antiplasmin complex (PAP) is a 1:1 irreversibly formed inactive complex of the enzyme plasmin and its inhibitor α2-antiplasmin.[1][2][3][4] It is a marker of the activity of the fibrinolytic system and a marker of net activation of fibrinolysis.[5][6]

PAP levels are increased with pregnancy[7] and by ethinylestradiol-containing combined birth control pills.[5] Conversely, levels of PAP do not appear to be affected with menopausal hormone therapy.[6] PAP levels have been reported to be elevated in men with prostate cancer.[8]

References

  1. ^ Gebbink MF (July 2011). "Tissue-type plasminogen activator-mediated plasminogen activation and contact activation, implications in and beyond haemostasis". J Thromb Haemost. 9 Suppl 1: 174–81. doi:10.1111/j.1538-7836.2011.04278.x. PMID 21781253. S2CID 26701294.
  2. ^ R.F.A. Zwaal; H.C. Hemker, eds. (1 January 1986). Blood Coagulation. Elsevier. pp. 250–. ISBN 978-0-08-086072-5. OCLC 1058474585.
  3. ^ Jun Teruya, ed. (5 January 2021). Management of Bleeding Patients (2 ed.). Springer Nature. pp. 41–. ISBN 978-3-03-056338-7. OCLC 1058318800.
  4. ^ Kandice Kottke-Marchant; Bruce Davis, eds. (7 May 2012). Laboratory Hematology Practice. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 460–. ISBN 978-1-4051-6218-0. OCLC 1039155353.
  5. ^ a b Douxfils J, Morimont L, Bouvy C (November 2020). "Oral Contraceptives and Venous Thromboembolism: Focus on Testing that May Enable Prediction and Assessment of the Risk". Semin Thromb Hemost. 46 (8): 872–886. doi:10.1055/s-0040-1714140. PMID 33080636. S2CID 224821517.
  6. ^ a b Hemelaar M, van der Mooren MJ, Rad M, Kluft C, Kenemans P (September 2008). "Effects of non-oral postmenopausal hormone therapy on markers of cardiovascular risk: a systematic review". Fertil Steril. 90 (3): 642–72. doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2007.07.1298. PMID 17923128.
  7. ^ Hellgren M (April 2003). "Hemostasis during normal pregnancy and puerperium". Semin Thromb Hemost. 29 (2): 125–30. doi:10.1055/s-2003-38897. PMID 12709915.
  8. ^ Lippi G, Plebani M, Franchini M, Guidi GC, Favaloro EJ (October 2009). "Prostate-specific antigen, prostate cancer, and disorders of hemostasis". Semin Thromb Hemost. 35 (7): 654–64. doi:10.1055/s-0029-1242719. PMID 20013532.



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