OPN3

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OPN3
Identifiers
AliasesOPN3, ECPN, PPP1R116, opsin 3
External IDsOMIM: 606695 MGI: 1338022 HomoloGene: 40707 GeneCards: OPN3
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez
Ensembl
UniProt
RefSeq (mRNA)

NM_014322
NM_001030011
NM_001030012
NM_001381855
NM_001381856

NM_010098

RefSeq (protein)

NP_055137
NP_001368784
NP_001368785

NP_034228

Location (UCSC)n/aChr 1: 175.49 – 175.52 Mb
PubMed search[2][3]
Wikidata
View/Edit HumanView/Edit Mouse

Opsin-3 also known as encephalopsin or panopsin[4] is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the OPN3 gene.[5][6][7] Alternative splicing of this gene results in multiple transcript variants encoding different protein isoforms.[8]

Function

Opsins are members of the G protein-coupled receptor superfamily. In addition to the visual opsins, mammals possess several photoreceptive non-visual opsins that are expressed in tissues outside the eye. The opsin-3 gene is strongly expressed in brain and testis and weakly expressed in liver, placenta, heart, lung, skeletal muscle, kidney, and pancreas. The gene is expressed in the skin[8] and may also be expressed in the retina. The protein has the canonical features of a photoreceptive opsin protein,[7] however in human skin, OPN3 is not photoreceptive and acts as a negative regulator of melanogenesis.[9]

Applications

When OPN3 analogues are expressed in neurons, activation by light inhibits neurotransmitter release.[10][11] This makes these analogues useful tools for optogenetic silencing, a method to study the impact of specific neurons on brain function.

References

  1. ^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000026525 - Ensembl, May 2017
  2. ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  3. ^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  4. ^ Koyanagi M, Takada E, Nagata T, Tsukamoto H, Terakita A (March 2013). "Homologs of vertebrate Opn3 potentially serve as a light sensor in nonphotoreceptive tissue". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 110 (13): 4998–5003. Bibcode:2013PNAS..110.4998K. doi:10.1073/pnas.1219416110. PMC 3612648. PMID 23479626.
  5. ^ Blackshaw S, Snyder SH (May 1999). "Encephalopsin: a novel mammalian extraretinal opsin discretely localized in the brain". The Journal of Neuroscience. 19 (10): 3681–3690. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.19-10-03681.1999. PMC 6782724. PMID 10234000.
  6. ^ Halford S, Freedman MS, Bellingham J, Inglis SL, Poopalasundaram S, Soni BG, et al. (March 2001). "Characterization of a novel human opsin gene with wide tissue expression and identification of embedded and flanking genes on chromosome 1q43". Genomics. 72 (2): 203–208. doi:10.1006/geno.2001.6469. PMID 11401433.
  7. ^ a b "Entrez Gene: OPN3 opsin 3 (encephalopsin, panopsin)".
  8. ^ a b Haltaufderhyde K, Ozdeslik RN, Wicks NL, Najera JA, Oancea E (January 2015). "Opsin expression in human epidermal skin". Photochemistry and Photobiology. 91 (1): 117–123. doi:10.1111/php.12354. PMC 4303996. PMID 25267311.
  9. ^ Olinski LE, Lin EM, Oancea E (January 2020). "Illuminating insights into opsin 3 function in the skin". Advances in Biological Regulation. 75: 100668. doi:10.1016/j.jbior.2019.100668. PMC 7059126. PMID 31653550.
  10. ^ Mahn M, Saraf-Sinik I, Patil P, Pulin M, Bitton E, Karalis N, et al. (May 2021). "Efficient optogenetic silencing of neurotransmitter release with a mosquito rhodopsin". Neuron. 109 (10): 1621–1635.e8. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2021.03.013. PMC 7611984. PMID 33979634.
  11. ^ Copits BA, Gowrishankar R, O'Neill PR, Li JN, Girven KS, Yoo JJ, et al. (June 2021). "A photoswitchable GPCR-based opsin for presynaptic inhibition". Neuron. 109 (11): 1791–1809.e11. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2021.04.026. PMC 8194251. PMID 33979635.

Further reading

This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.