Neoboletus luridiformis

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Neoboletus luridiformis
N. luridiformis, Ukraine
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Boletales
Family: Boletaceae
Genus: Neoboletus
Species:
N. luridiformis
Binomial name
Neoboletus luridiformis
(Rostk.) Gelardi, Simonini & Vizzini (2014)
Synonyms
  • Boletus luridiformis Rostk. (1844)
  • Suillus luridiformis (Rostk.) Kuntze (1898)
  • Boletus erythropus sensu auct.
Neoboletus luridiformis
View the Mycomorphbox template that generates the following list
Pores on hymenium
Cap is convex
Hymenium is adnate
Stipe is bare
Spore print is olive-brown
Ecology is mycorrhizal
Edibility is unknown

Neoboletus luridiformis, also previously known as Boletus luridiformis and (invalidly) as Boletus erythropus, is a fungus of the bolete family, all of which produce mushrooms with tubes and pores beneath their caps. It is found in Northern Europe and North America, and is commonly known as the scarletina bolete, for its red pores, which are yellow when young.[1] Other common names include the red foot bolete, dotted stemmed bolete, or dotted stem bolete.[2]

Whilst edible when cooked properly, it can cause gastric stomach problems if raw. Where the two species coincide, it can be confused with the poisonous Rubroboletus satanas, which causes gastrointestinal distress.[3]

Taxonomy

In 1796 Christian Hendrik Persoon described Boletus erythropus, deriving its specific name from the Greek ερυθρος ("red") and πους ("foot"),[4] referring to its red-coloured stalk. During the next 200 years or so, this name was used extensively for the species which is the subject of this article, and which (as well as a red stalk) has red pores.[5] Recently it was discovered however that Persoon's mushroom had orange pores, and was a different species (actually thought to be Suillellus queletii[6][7]), so the use of this name for the red-pored mushroom was invalid.[6][8]

In 1844 Friedrich Wilhelm Gottlieb Rostkovius independently defined the red-pored species under the name Boletus luridiformis. That is now the first valid description of the taxon and is the basis of the current name (the basionym). The significance of the epithet "luridiformis" is that it is similar to the previously known fungus Boletus luridus (now Suillellus luridus).[9]

Genetic analysis published in 2013 showed that B. luridiformis and many (but not all) red-pored boletes were part of a dupainii clade (named for Boletus dupainii), well-removed from the core group of Boletus edulis and relatives within the Boletineae. This indicated that it needed to be placed in a new genus.[10] It became the type species of the new genus Neoboletus in 2014.[11]

To avoid confusion, the name Boletus erythropus should now be avoided if possible (though in theory it still has a legitimate meaning as whatever species Persoon originally intended). It is not a valid synonym of Neoboletus luridiformis, and that can be indicated by using the term sensu auct. in place of the author name (that is, Boletus erythropus sensu auct. = Neoboletus luridiformis (Rostk.) Gelardi, Simonini & Vizzini).[9]

Description

N. luridiformis, found in Ukraine. After cutting, the yellow interior quickly turns blue due to the oxidation of various secondary metabolites
Three N. luridiformis mushrooms

Neoboletus luridiformis is a large solid fungus with a bay-brown hemispherical to convex cap that can grow up to 20 cm (8 in) wide, and is quite felty initially. It has small orange-red pores that become rusty with age, and bruise blue to black. The tubes are yellowish-green, and become blue quickly on cutting. The fat, colourful, densely red-dotted yellow stem is 4–12 cm (1.6–4.7 in) high, and has no network pattern (reticulation). The flesh stains dark blue when bruised; broken, or cut.[12] There is little smell. The spore dust is olive greenish-brown.

Similar species

Distribution and habitat

The fungus is common in Europe, growing in deciduous or coniferous woodland in summer and autumn.[12] It is often found in the same places as Boletus edulis. It is also widely distributed in North America, and is especially common under spruce in its range from Northern California to Alaska. In Eastern North America it grows with both soft, and hardwood trees.[14] It seems to prefer acid soils.

Toxicity and edibility

Mild tasting, Neoboletus luridiformis is edible after longer cooking (some literature recommends 20 minutes). It is commonly collected in several European countries.

When raw or insufficiently cooked it can cause gastric upset, for the same reason it is not recommended for drying. Caution is advised as it resembles other inedible blue-staining boletes, and should thus be avoided by novice mushroom hunters.[5][14][page needed]

Some people are adversely affected by this mushroom, and David Arora once reported that a man named Bill Everson was poisoned by this mushroom.[3]

References

  1. ^ "Neoboletus luridiformis: The Ultimate Mushroom Guide". 1102 Mushroom Identifications: The Ultimate Mushroom Library. Retrieved 2024-02-09.
  2. ^ "Scarletina Bolete – Edibility, Distribution, Identification, plus some other colourful fungi characters – Galloway Wild Foods". gallowaywildfoods.com. Retrieved 2024-02-09.
  3. ^ a b Arora, David (1986). Mushrooms demystified: a comprehensive guide to the fleshy fungi (Second ed.). Berkeley: Ten Speed Press. ISBN 978-0-89815-169-5.
  4. ^ Liddell, Henry George & Robert Scott (1980). A Greek-English Lexicon (Abridged ed.). United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-910207-5.
  5. ^ a b Roger Phillips (1985). Mushrooms and other fungi of Great Britain and Europe. London: pan Books. p. 201. ISBN 978-0-330-26441-9.
  6. ^ a b Knudsen, Thomas; Vesterholt, J., eds. (2018). Funga Nordica Agaricoid, boletoid, clavarioid, cyphelloid and gasteroid genera. Copenhagen: Nordsvamp. p. 218. ISBN 978-87-983961-3-0.
  7. ^ Species Fungorum actually has a page for an 1801 use of the name Boletus erythropus for Suillellus queletii, see "Boletus erythropus sensu Persoon ..." Species Fungorum. Royal Botanic Gardens Kew. Retrieved 2020-05-31.
  8. ^ "the Boletus erythropus page". Species Fungorum. Royal Botanic Gardens Kew. Retrieved 2020-05-30.
  9. ^ a b "the Neoboletus luridiformis page". Species Fungorum. Royal Botanic Gardens Kew. Retrieved 2020-05-30.
  10. ^ Nuhn ME, Binder M, Taylor AF, Halling RE, Hibbett DS (2013). "Phylogenetic overview of the Boletineae". Fungal Biology. 117 (7–8): 479–511. doi:10.1016/j.funbio.2013.04.008. PMID 23931115.
  11. ^ Gelardi M, Simonini G, Vizzini A (October 17, 2014). "Nomenclatural novelties" (PDF). Index Fungorum (192).
  12. ^ a b Roger Phillips (2006). Mushrooms. Pan MacMillan. ISBN 978-0-330-44237-4.
  13. ^ Desjarind D.E.; Wood M.G.; Stevens F.A. (2015). California Mushrooms. The comprehensive identification guide. Portland, Oregon: Timber Press. p. 354. ISBN 978-1-60469-353-9.
  14. ^ a b David Arora (1986). Mushrooms Demystified. Ten Speed Press. ISBN 978-0-89815-169-5.

External links

  • Zeitlmayr L (1976). Wild Mushrooms:An Illustrated Handbook. Garden City Press, Hertfordshire. ISBN 978-0-584-10324-3.
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