N-Acylphosphatidylethanolamine
N-Acylphosphatidylethanolamines (NAPEs) are hormones released by the small intestine into the bloodstream when it processes fat. NAPEs travel to the hypothalamus in the brain and suppress appetite. This mechanism could be relevant for treating obesity.[1]
Endocannabinoid precursor
N-Acylphosphatidylethanolamines are also an important intermediaries in the biosynthesis of endocannabinoids.
NAPEs are formed from phosphatidylethanolamines, a group of cell membrane phospholipids characteristic of nervous tissue. After being cleaved by phospholipases, NAPEs can be transformed into N-acylethanolamines, including the endocannabinoid anandamide.[2][3] While NAPE-PLD is the enzyme responsible for catalyzing said release of N-acylethanolamine (NAE) from N-acyl-phosphatidylethanolamine (NAPE), this specific subtype of phospholipase D is not responsible for the formation of the anandamide.[4]
The crystal structure of human N-acyl phosphatidylethanolamine-specific phospholipase D (NAPE-PLD) reveals how this membrane enzyme generates anandamide and other bioactive lipid amides from membrane NAPEs.[5] A hydrophobic cavity in NAPE-PLD provides an entryway for the substrate NAPE into the active site, where a binuclear zinc center orchestrates its hydrolysis. Unexpectedly, the structure unveils bile acids bind the membrane enzyme, enhancing dimer assembly and enabling catalysis. These findings suggest NAPE-PLD might orchestrate a direct crosstalk between bile acids and lipid amide signals.[5]
See also
References
- ^ Dunham, Will (Nov 26, 2008). "Gut chemical may inspire new way to fight obesity". Reuters Accessed 27 Nov. 2008
- ^ Okamoto, Y.; Morishita, J.; Tsuboi, K.; Tonai, T.; Ueda, N. (2004). "Molecular characterization of a phospholipase D generating anandamide and its congeners". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 279 (7): 5298–5305. doi:10.1074/jbc.M306642200. PMID 14634025.
- ^ Liu, J.; Wang, L.; Harvey-White, J.; Osei-Hyiaman, D.; Razdan, R.; Gong, Q.; Chan, A.; Zhou, Z.; Huang, B.; Kim, H. Y.; Kunos, G. (2006). "A biosynthetic pathway for anandamide". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 103 (36): 13345–13350. Bibcode:2006PNAS..10313345L. doi:10.1073/pnas.0601832103. PMC 1557387. PMID 16938887.
- ^ Leung D, Saghatelian A, Simon GM, Cravatt BF (2006). "Inactivation of N-acyl phosphatidylethanolamine phospholipase D reveals multiple mechanisms for the biosynthesis of endocannabinoids". Biochemistry. 45 (15): 4720–4726. doi:10.1021/bi060163l. PMC 1538545. PMID 16605240.
- ^ a b Magotti P, Bauer I, Igarashi M, Babagoli M, Marotta R, Piomelli D, Garau G (Dec 2014). "Structure of Human N-Acylphosphatidylethanolamine-Hydrolyzing Phospholipase D: Regulation of Fatty Acid Ethanolamide Biosynthesis by Bile Acids". Structure. 23 (3): 598–604. doi:10.1016/j.str.2014.12.018. PMC 4351732. PMID 25684574.