Muscle imbalance

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Muscle imbalance
Muscle imbalance is an imbalance between agonist and antagonist muscles.

Muscle balance is necessary for muscles to perform their customary roles and move normally; muscle imbalance occurs when there is a lack of parity between corresponding agonist and antagonist muscles.[1] Muscular imbalance can also arise when a muscle performs outside of its normal physiological muscle function.[2][3]

Muscles are considered balanced when the muscles that surround a joint work together harmoniously, i.e. with appropriate opposing force, to keep the bones aligned where they meet at the joint. This permits normal human movement.[3]

Muscles can be categorized as either functional or pathological. Muscle imbalance can be caused either by adaptation of a functional muscle or by dysfunction in a muscle suffering a pathology.

Symptoms

Classic symptoms of muscle imbalances are usually pain associated with the affected joint.[1] Symptoms can vary depending on what stage their muscular imbalance is, functional or pathological, but commonly exhibit small tissue damage or lesions accompanied by a change in muscle movement patterns.[1] Symptoms may occur after injury or surgery, where the recuperation of the joint affected is left untreated causing either tension or restriction to flexibility and strength of the prime movers.[2]

Tennis elbow

This shows an example of the repetitive movement that may cause tennis elbow.

Tennis elbow is the most common elbow problem among athletes, highly associated with world class tennis players, it is a condition that involves the common wrist extensor origin, in particular the origin of extensor carpi radialis.[4] The causes for tennis elbow includes any activity, not only tennis, where the repetitive use of the extensor muscles of the forearm may cause acute or chronic tendonitis of the tensinous insertion of these muscles at the lateral epicondyle of the elbow.[5] The condition itself is most common with painters, plumbers, and carpenters. Further studied have shown that auto-workers, butchers and cooks also get tennis elbow more often than the rest of the population.[5]

Lazy eye

Strabismus, an ocular condition that prevents both eyes simultaneously focusing on the same point

Lazy eye, in particular strabismus may be the result of coordination between the extraocular muscles, which prevents a person on directing both eyes in unison towards the same fixation point.[6] The main cause of strabismus is usually the muscular imbalance of the six surrounding muscles that allow both eyes to focus on the same object.[7] As each eye does not have the same focus, different images are sent to the brain, confusing it, resulting in the brain ignoring the image from the weaker eye and if left untreated will cause a loss of vision in the ignored eye called amblyopia.[7] Further symptoms of strabismus include decreased vision, double vision, headaches, asthenopia and eye fatigue.[6]

Scoliosis

An ex-ray of a spine affected by scoliosis belonging to a 15 year old

Scoliosis, is a medical condition where a person's spine has several irregular curves that are located between the neck and the pelvis.[8] Symptoms of scoliosis in mild cases usually exhibit abnormal posture, back pain, tingling or numbness in the legs and in worse cases can exhibit breathing problems, fatigue, permanent deformities and in rare cases heart problems.[8]

Functional and pathological muscle imbalance

Functional imbalance

Functional Imbalances are when the muscles adapt in response for detailed muscle movement patterns, including unequal values in strength or flexibility of antagonistic muscle groups, usually apparent in athletes of different sports ranging from soccer to baseball.[1] This type of imbalance is the first stage, it is painless, atraumatic (causes minimal tissue injury[9]), adaptive to change and activity specific.[1] Studies confirm this as they find the link between muscle imbalance and athletes who perform at elite levels, this also relates to injury occurrence is not treated to muscle specific rehabilitation.[10]

Pathological imbalance

Pathological muscle imbalance occurs when the imbalance of the muscles begin to inhibit function.[1] This pathological muscle imbalance may or may not result from a traumatic event, it is usually associated with pain and dysfunction, although there are cases where pain is not apparent, however pathological muscle imbalances ultimately lead to joint dysfunction and changes in normative muscle movement patterns.[1] It would be good to note that this imbalance can progress to either tissue damage and pain or altered movement pattern, with the constant being tightness or weakness.[1] A study has shown that athletes that exhibit shoulder pain have been linked to have decreased rotator cuff muscle strength and have concluded that they are more susceptible to rotator cuff tears and type II superior labrum anterior and posterior lesions.[11]

Diagnosis

Muscle imbalance can be characterized by different factors, namely where the muscle imbalance is on the body, diagnosis varies for these specific areas as each area needs to be handled differently. Other signs include joint pain or muscular pain, abnormal joint movement patterns or in some cases, muscle tears and lesions.[11] It can be diagnosed by demonstrating any one of the following:

Treatment

Although treatment for tennis elbow prior 2010 was unknown because the etiology remained unclear, tests confirmed that the cause was an imbalance with the agonist-antagonist functional relationship.[4][13] Treatment now includes anti-inflammatory medicines, rest, equipment check, physical therapy, braces, steroid injections, shock wave therapy and if symptoms persist after 6 to 12 months, doctors may recommend surgery.[5]

Although treatment varies depending on how bad eye alignment is and also the underlying causes of strabismus.[14] Treatment for strabismus may include orthoptics a term used for eye muscle training, this treatment can be provided by orthoptists and also optometrists.[15] Other treatment may include wearing eye patches aimed at strengthening the weaker eye while inhibiting the stronger eye, an alternative to eye patches is the use of an opaque lens, other treatments may include eye drops to temporarily inhibit the stronger eye and at any age eye muscle surgery can be done to correct the muscular balance of the ocular muscles.[7][14][16]

Although the cause of scoliosis can sometimes remain unknown (idiopathic scoliosis) there is treatment available that targets at strengthening the back muscles, for milder cases usually do not require medical attention, more severe cases require either muscle strengthening exercises aimed at the back muscles and even special back braces or surgery can be recommended if the case is extreme.[8] Studies have shown that treatment with a special back brace among children ranging from 10–16 years can be successful and using this method of muscle training scoliosis can be cured with non-surgical treatment.[17]

Prognosis

In terms of selective muscle weakness or poor flexibility muscular imbalance is frequently regarded as an etiological factor in the onset of musculoskeletal disorders.[2] There are a variety of areas that can be affected, each causing different symptoms hence there are also different treatments available, but in general cases muscle strengthening techniques were developed for the use on the weak or tight muscles.[18]

History

For a long time muscular imbalance had many different theories that revolved around it. It wasn't until 1949 when there was a first manual on muscle testing appeared, written by therapists Henry and Florence Kendall, which discusses muscle weakness in polio patients and treatments approaching tight and weak muscles.[18]

In the 1960s Dr. George Goodheart and Dr. Vladimir Janda each took their own paths in treating patients with muscular imbalance, Goodheart focusing on muscle weakness being the primary cause of muscle imbalance, whilst Janda took on the muscle tightness approach, both developed a large following that continues on today.[1]

Controversies

There is evidence to support two different approaches to muscular imbalance, the first is a biomechanical approach that believed the cause was due from repeated movements in one direction or sustained postures, this was widespread by Kendall. The second is a neuromuscular imbalance due to certain muscle groups being tight or weak, popularized by Janda this approach is based on movement patterns that evolve from birth.[3] Today there are many different types of therapists who treat muscle imbalance, these include chiropractors, osteopaths, physical therapists, medical doctors and massage therapists each assessing tightness or weakness as the primary cause of muscular imbalance.[18]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Assessment and Treatment of Muscle Imbalance: The Janda Approach. Human Kinetics. ISBN 9781450408288.
  2. ^ a b c A., Schlumberger; W., Laube; S., Bruhn; B., Herbeck; M., Dahlinger; G., Fenkart; D., Schmidtbleicher; F., Mayer (1 January 2006). "Muscle imbalances – fact or fiction?". Isokinetics and Exercise Science. 14 (1): 3–11. doi:10.3233/IES-2006-0229.
  3. ^ a b c "What is Muscle Imbalance". www.muscleimbalancesyndromes.com. Retrieved 2015-08-31.
  4. ^ a b Alizadehkhaiyat, Omid; Fisher, Anthony C.; Kemp, Graham J.; Vishwanathan, Karthik; Frostick, Simon P. (2007-12-01). "Upper limb muscle imbalance in tennis elbow: A functional and electromyographic assessment". Journal of Orthopaedic Research. 25 (12): 1651–1657. doi:10.1002/jor.20458. ISSN 1554-527X. PMID 17600835. S2CID 24350534.
  5. ^ a b c "Tennis Elbow (Lateral Epicondylitis)-OrthoInfo - AAOS". orthoinfo.aaos.org. Retrieved 2015-09-07.
  6. ^ a b Kaiser, Peter K.; Friedman, Neil J.; II, Roberto Pineda II (2014-02-28). The Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary Illustrated Manual of Ophthalmology. Elsevier Health Sciences. ISBN 9780323225274.
  7. ^ a b c "Strabismus: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia". www.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2015-09-07.
  8. ^ a b c "Scoliosis". Harvard Health Publishing. April 2019. Retrieved 16 July 2020.
  9. ^ "atraumatic". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  10. ^ Franettovich, M.; Hides, J.; Mendis, M. D.; Littleworth, H. (2011-04-01). "Muscle imbalance among elite athletes". British Journal of Sports Medicine. 45 (4): 348–349. doi:10.1136/bjsm.2011.084038.109. ISSN 1473-0480. S2CID 73084026.
  11. ^ a b Mihata, Teruhisa; Gates, Jeffrey; McGarry, Michelle H.; Lee, Jason; Kinoshita, Mitsuo; Lee, Thay Q. (2009-11-01). "Effect of Rotator Cuff Muscle Imbalance on Forceful Internal Impingement and Peel-Back of the Superior Labrum A Cadaveric Study". The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 37 (11): 2222–2227. doi:10.1177/0363546509337450. ISSN 0363-5465. PMID 19773527. S2CID 33489691.
  12. ^ "Muscle Imbalance, Part 1: A common, often undetected cause of aches, pains and disability. - Dr. Phil Maffetone". 2015-04-29. Retrieved 2015-09-08.
  13. ^ Bisset, L.; Paungmali, A.; Vicenzino, B.; Beller, E. (2005-07-01). "A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials on physical interventions for lateral epicondylalgia". British Journal of Sports Medicine. 39 (7): 411–422. doi:10.1136/bjsm.2004.016170. ISSN 1473-0480. PMC 1725258. PMID 15976161.
  14. ^ a b "Strabismus". kidshealth.org. Retrieved 2015-09-08.
  15. ^ "Esotropia | Exotropia | Treatment Options | Strabismus". www.strabismus.org. Retrieved 2015-09-08.
  16. ^ "Lazy eye (Amblyopia)". Harvard Health Publishing. March 2019. Retrieved 16 July 2020.
  17. ^ Šarčević, Zoran (2010-09-01). "Scoliosis: muscle imbalance and treatment". British Journal of Sports Medicine. 44 (Suppl 1): i16. doi:10.1136/bjsm.2010.078725.49. ISSN 1473-0480.
  18. ^ a b c "Muscle Imbalance, Part 2. - Dr. Phil Maffetone". 2015-04-29. Retrieved 2015-09-08.
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