Mildred Rebstock

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Mildred Catherine Rebstock
Born(1919-11-29)November 29, 1919
Elkhart, Indiana
DiedFebruary 17, 2011(2011-02-17) (aged 91)
Ann Arbor
NationalityAmerican
Alma materNorth Central College,
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Known forSynthesizing chloromycetin
AwardsWomen's National Press Club of Washington DC "Science Woman of the Year" (1950)
Scientific career
FieldsChemistry

Mildred Catherine Rebstock (November 29, 1919 – February 17, 2011) was an American pharmaceutical chemist. She and her team were the first to fully synthesize chloromycetin, also known as chloramphenicol. This was the first instance of an antibiotic being fully synthesized. The World Health Organization classifies it as critically important for human medicine.[1]

Early life and education

Mildred Catherine Rebstock, the daughter of Redna and Adolph Rebstock, was born Nov. 29, 1919 in Elkhart, Indiana. In 1938 she graduated from Elkhart High School, and then went on to further her education at North Central College.[2] During her time at North Central, she was a member of a biology honors society, Beta Beta Beta, and was a member of the college's zoology club. She also retained a flawless grade-point average while studying under professors I.A. Koten and Harold Eigenbrodt of chemistry and zoology respectively. It was with these two professors where she found the inspiration to apply to their alma mater, the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign to pursue a doctoral degree after she graduated North Central with a bachelor's in 1942. With her impeccable grade-point average and passion for the sciences, she was able to receive a full fellowship to research ascorbic acid while studying at the university[3] She earned her master's degree in 1943 and her doctorate in 1945.[2] In 1945, Mildred was one of the graduate students initiated into Phi Beta Kappa[4] and Sigma Xi.[5]

Professional career

Dr. Rebstock was hired at Parke-Davis Research Labs from 1945 to 1977 as a junior research chemist and was later promoted to a research leader in 1959.[6][7] Around this time she and her team were researching a newly discovered antibiotic streptomycin, first discovered by Albert Schatz. Parke-Davis's team of Dr. Rebstock and her team consisting of John Controulis, Harry Crooks, and Quentin Bartz discovered that greater chemical stability could be achieved through catalytic hydrogenation of streptomycin, and this new compound was named dihydrostreptomycin. This discovery was simultaneously made by a team at Merck & Co. Although the use of this antibiotic in humans has ceased, it is still used in veterinary medicine.[8]

Soon after her work with dihydrostreptomycin, Dr. Rebstock was tasked with synthesizing a new antibiotic found by John Ehrlich in a culture of Streptomyces venezuela.[8][9] The molecule of this antibiotic was much simpler than those of previous antibiotics, which made Rebstock's task easier. It was discovered that the key constituent of this molecule was a nitrobenzene ring, which was something the lab had already had prior experience with. Rebstock had found a way to fully synthesize this antibiotic around November 1947.[10] This was a rare case where the synthetization of a molecule was more cost effective than fermenting it through organic processes.[8] The team published their work in 1949.[9][2][11] Because of the availability of chloromycetin after Rebstock's work, it was abundantly used to treat Rocky Mountain fever and Typhoid fever, and is still used today as a secondary course of action for extreme cases of meningitis, cholera, and other infectious bacterial diseases.[2] Since its discovery, chloromycetin has been linked to an increased risk of fatal aplastic anemia leading to a decline in its use in humans in the United States. Although it has fallen out of favor in developed nations it is still a vital antibiotic used abundantly in developing nations.[8] Because of this it is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.[12]

Mildred Rebstock and Eugene H. Payne. Payne had run the first clinical trials with chloromycetin.[13]

Because of her groundbreaking research, Time Magazine devoted an article to her in 1949, noting that "the achievement was due to teamwork. But a large part of the credit goes to pretty Dr. Mildred Rebstock, a 28-year-old research chemist."[3] Dr. Rebstock advocated for women in scientific research during an interview with the Smithsonian Institution Archives, she stated that, of all the researchers in the field only about three percent of them were women, but she would remain hopeful for the future.[2] In 1950, Rebstock was awarded the "Science Woman of the Year" by the Women's National Press Club of Washington DC organization, and it was presented to her by President Truman.[14]

Rebstock continued her pharmaceutical research for the remainder of her career and spent the latter part of it researching fertility drugs and the synthesis of blood-lipid agents. She died at St. Joseph Mercy Hospital in Ann Arbor, MI on February 17, 2011.[2]

References

  1. ^ World Health Organization (2019). Critically important antimicrobials for human medicine (6th revision ed.). Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/312266. ISBN 9789241515528. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
  2. ^ a b c d e f Margaret Ramirez (March 1, 2011). "Mildred C. Rebstock, 1919-2011". Chicago Tribune.
  3. ^ a b "A Legacy of Science - Mildred Rebstock". North Central College. Fall 2009. Archived from the original on 26 August 2016.
  4. ^ "Daily Illini 28 March 1945 — Illinois Digital Newspaper Collections". idnc.library.illinois.edu. Retrieved 2023-10-13.
  5. ^ "Daily Illini 11 May 1945 — Illinois Digital Newspaper Collections". idnc.library.illinois.edu. Retrieved 2023-10-13.
  6. ^ "Mildred Rebstock". North Central College. Archived from the original on 26 August 2016.
  7. ^ Rossiter, Margaret W. (1995). Women scientists in America: before affirmative action, 1940-1972. Johns Hopkins University Press. hdl:2027/fulcrum.7d278t491. ISBN 9780801848933.
  8. ^ a b c d Wright, Peter M.; Seiple, Ian B.; Myers, Andrew G. (2014). "The Evolving Role of Chemical Synthesis in Antibacterial Drug Discovery". Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English. 53 (34): 8840–8869. doi:10.1002/anie.201310843. PMC 4536949. PMID 24990531.
  9. ^ a b Pongs, O. (1979). "Chapter 3: Chloramphenicol". In Hahn, eFred E. (ed.). Mechanism of Action of Antibacterial Agents. Antibiotics Volume V Part 1. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. pp. 26–42. ISBN 978-3-642-46403-4.
  10. ^ Rosen, William (2017). Miracle Cure: The Creation of Antibiotics and the Birth of Modern Medicine. Penguin. ISBN 9780698184107.
  11. ^ Rebstock, Mildred C.; Crooks, Harry M.; Controulis, John.; Bartz, Quentin R. (July 1949). "Chloramphenicol (Chloromycetin).IV.Chemical Studies". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 71 (7): 2458–2462. doi:10.1021/ja01175a065.
  12. ^ World Health Organization (2019). World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019. Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/325771. WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
  13. ^ "Acc. 90-105 - Science Service, Records, 1920s-1970s". Smithsonian Institution Archives. 16 February 2012. Retrieved 10 April 2018.
  14. ^ "Obituary: Mildred Catherine Rebstock". Dignity Memorial. Retrieved 10 April 2018.

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