Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis

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Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis
Other names: Mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis[1]
Micrograph of glomerulus in membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis with increased mesangial matrix and increased mesangial cellularity. Kidney biopsy. PAS stain.
SpecialtyNephrology
SymptomsFoamy urine, blood in the urine, swelling[1]
ComplicationsHigh blood pressure, low red blood cells, kidney failure[1]
Usual onsetChildren and young adults[1]
TypesPrimary (type I, II, III), secondary[1]
CausesUnknown, infections, autoimmune disorders, cancer, liver disease, certain drugs[1]
Diagnostic methodKidney biopsy[2]
Differential diagnosisMinimal change disease, lupus nephritis, diabetic nephropathy, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis[3]
TreatmentSteroids, cyclophosphamide, ASA, kidney transplant, plasma exchange[1][2]
PrognosisGenerally poor[2]
FrequencyUncommon[1]

Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN) is a pattern of injury of the glomeruli of the kidneys.[1] Symptoms may include foamy urine, blood in the urine, or swelling.[1] Generally it gradually worsens over time.[1] Complications often include high blood pressure, low red blood cells, and kidney failure.[1]

The cause can be unknown or it can occur as a result of infections, autoimmune disorders, cancer, liver disease, or certain drugs.[1] The underlying mechanism is believed to involve immune complexes building up in the kidneys and activating the complement system.[1] This results in mesangial cell growth with thickening of the walls of the small blood vessels.[1] Diagnosis is by kidney biopsy.[2]

The best method of management is unclear.[1] Treatment may include the use of steroids, cyclophosphamide, or aspirin.[1][2] Plasma exchange has been tried.[1] While a kidney transplant may be carried out, the disease may reoccur afterwards.[1] It is uncommon for the disease to resolve without treatment.[1] Outcomes are generally poor.[2]

MPGN is uncommon.[1] It most commonly occurs in children and young adults.[1] Males and females are affected equally frequently.[1] It makes up about 4% of primary kidney causes of nephrotic syndrome in children and 7% in adults.[1] MPGN was first described in 1965 by Gotoff and West.[4]

Signs and sympoms

Symptoms may include foamy urine, blood in the urine, or swelling.[1] Generally it gradually worsens over time.[1] Complications often include high blood pressure, low red blood cells, and kidney failure.[1]

Cause

The cause can be unknown or it can occur as a result of infections, autoimmune disorders, cancer, liver disease, or certain drugs.[1]

Pathophysiology

Renal corpuscle. Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis involves deposits at the intraglomerular mesangium which leads to "splitting" of the glomerular basement membrane.

Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis involves deposits at the intraglomerular mesangium.

It is also the main hepatitis C associated nephropathy.

It also is related to a number of autoimmune diseases, prominently systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Also found with Sjögren syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, inherited complement deficiencies (esp C2 deficiency), scleroderma, Celiac disease.[5]

Diagnosis

The GBM is rebuilt on top of the deposits, causing a "tram tracking" appearance under the microscope.[6] Mesangial cellularity is increased.[7]

Classification

There are three types of MPGN, but this classification is becoming obsolete as the causes of this pattern are becoming understood.

Type I

Type I, the most common by far, is caused by immune complexes depositing in the kidney. It is characterised by subendothelial and mesangial immune deposits.

It is believed to be associated with the classical complement pathway.[8]

Type II

See also: Eculizumab § Dense-deposit disease (DDD)

The preferred name is "dense deposit disease."[9] Most cases of dense deposit disease do not show a membranoproliferative pattern.[10] A 2012 review considers DDD to be in a continuum with C3 glomerulonephritis,[11] one reason the use of the type I to type III classification system is falling out of favour.[citation needed]

Most cases are associated with the dysregulation of the alternative complement pathway.[12][13]

DDD is associated with deposition of complement C3 within the glomeruli with little or no staining for immunoglobulin. The presence of C3 without significant immunoglobulin suggested to early investigators that DDD was due to abnormal activation of the complement alternative pathway (AP). There is now strong evidence that DDD is caused by uncontrolled AP activation.[14]

Spontaneous remissions of MPGN II are rare; approximately half of those affected with MPGN II will progress to end stage renal disease within ten years.[15]

In many cases, people with MPGN II can develop drusen caused by deposits within Bruch's membrane beneath the retinal pigment epithelium of the eye. Over time, vision can deteriorate, and subretinal neovascular membranes, macular detachment, and central serous retinopathy can develop.[16]

Type III

Type III is very rare, it is characterized by a mixture of subepithelial and subendothelial immune and/or complement deposits. These deposits elicit an immune response, causing damage to cells and structures within their vicinity. Has similar pathological findings of Type I disease.[17]

A candidate gene has been identified on chromosome 1.[18]

Complement component 3 is seen under immunofluorescence.[19] it is associated with complement receptor 6 deficiency.

Differential diagnosis

The histomorphologic differential diagnosis includes transplant glomerulopathy and thrombotic microangiopathies.

Treatment

Primary MPGN is treated with steroids, plasma exchange and other immunosuppressive drugs. Secondary MPGN is treated by treating the associated infection, autoimmune disease or neoplasms. Pegylated interferon and ribavirin are useful in reducing viral load. [20]

References

  1. ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.18 1.19 1.20 1.21 1.22 1.23 1.24 1.25 1.26 1.27 Alchi, B; Jayne, D (August 2010). "Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis". Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany). 25 (8): 1409–18. doi:10.1007/s00467-009-1322-7. PMID 19908070.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis - Genitourinary Disorders. Merck Manual. Archived from the original on 26 November 2020. Retrieved 25 January 2021.
  3. ↑ Floege, Jurgen; Johnson, Richard J.; Feehally, John (2010). Comprehensive Clinical Nephrology E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 253. ISBN 978-0-323-08133-7. Archived from the original on 2021-08-29. Retrieved 2021-01-25.
  4. ↑ Wolstenholme, G. E. W.; O'Connor, Maeve (2009). Protein Turnover. John Wiley & Sons. p. 285. ISBN 978-0-470-71759-2. Archived from the original on 2021-08-28. Retrieved 2021-01-25.
  5. ↑ "Archive copy". Archived from the original on 2021-04-10. Retrieved 2019-05-06.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  6. ↑ "Membranoproliferative_glomerulonephritis_type_I of the Kidney". Archived from the original on 2006-09-10. Retrieved 2008-11-25.
  7. ↑ "Renal Pathology". Archived from the original on 2017-09-01. Retrieved 2008-11-25.
  8. ↑ West CD, McAdams AJ (March 1998). "Glomerular paramesangial deposits: association with hypocomplementemia in membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis types I and III". Am. J. Kidney Dis. 31 (3): 427–34. doi:10.1053/ajkd.1998.v31.pm9506679. PMID 9506679.
  9. ↑ "Final Diagnosis — Case 148". Archived from the original on 2020-11-29. Retrieved 2008-11-25.
  10. ↑ Patrick D Walker; Franco Ferrario; Kensuke Joh; Stephen M Bonsib (2007). "Dense deposit disease is not a membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis". Modern Pathology. 20 (6): 605–616. doi:10.1038/modpathol.3800773. PMID 17396142.
  11. ↑ Sethi S, Fervenza FC (2012). "Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis - a new look at an old entity". N Engl J Med. 366 (12): 1119–1131. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1108178. PMID 22435371.
  12. ↑ Rose KL, Paixao-Cavalcante D, Fish J, et al. (February 2008). "Factor I is required for the development of membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis in factor H-deficient mice". J. Clin. Invest. 118 (2): 608–18. doi:10.1172/JCI32525. PMC 2200299. PMID 18202746.
  13. ↑ Licht C, Schlötzer-Schrehardt U, Kirschfink M, Zipfel PF, Hoppe B (January 2007). "MPGN II--genetically determined by defective complement regulation?". Pediatr. Nephrol. 22 (1): 2–9. doi:10.1007/s00467-006-0299-8. PMID 17024390.
  14. ↑ (reviewed in Appel et al., 2005; Smith et al., 2007). Smith, R. J. ., Harris, C. L., & Pickering, M. C. (2011). Dense Deposit Disease. Molecular Immunology, 48(14), 1604–1610. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.molimm.2011.04.005/ Archived 2023-05-12 at the Wayback Machine
  15. ↑ Swainson CP, Robson JS, Thomson D, MacDonald MK (1983). "Mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis: a long-term study of 40 cases". J. Pathol. 141 (4): 449–68. doi:10.1002/path.1711410404. PMID 6363655.
  16. ↑ Colville D, Guymer R, Sinclair RA, Savige J (2003). "Visual impairment caused by retinal abnormalities in mesangiocapillary (membranoproliferative) glomerulonephritis type II ("dense deposit disease")". Am. J. Kidney Dis. 42 (2): E2–5. doi:10.1016/S0272-6386(03)00665-6. PMID 12900843.
  17. ↑ Pickering, M. C., D’Agati, V. D., Nester, C. M., Smith, R. J., Haas, M., Appel, G. B., … Cook, H. T. (2013). C3 glomerulopathy: consensus report. Kidney International, 84(6), 1079–1089. http://doi.org/10.1038/ki.2013.377 Archived 2021-08-29 at the Wayback Machine
  18. ↑ Neary JJ, Conlon PJ, Croke D, et al. (August 2002). "Linkage of a gene causing familial membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis type III to chromosome 1". J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 13 (8): 2052–7. doi:10.1097/01.ASN.0000022006.49966.F8. PMID 12138136. Archived from the original on 2020-05-30. Retrieved 2008-11-26.
  19. ↑ Neary J, Dorman A, Campbell E, Keogan M, Conlon P (July 2002). "Familial membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis type III". Am. J. Kidney Dis. 40 (1): e1.1–e1.6. doi:10.1053/ajkd.2002.33932. PMID 12087587.
  20. ↑ Harrison's principles of internal medicine (19th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2015. p. 1841. ISBN 978-0-07-180216-1. {{cite book}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)

External links

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External resources
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