MT-ND3 is located in human mitochondrial DNA from base pair 10,059 to 10,404.[5] The MT-ND3 gene produces a 13 kDa protein composed of 115 amino acids.[9][10] MT-ND3 is one of seven mitochondrial genes encoding subunits of the enzyme NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone), together with MT-ND1, MT-ND2, MT-ND4, MT-ND4L, MT-ND5, and MT-ND6. Also known as Complex I, this enzyme is the largest of the respiratory complexes. The structure is L-shaped with a long, hydrophobictransmembrane domain and a hydrophilic domain for the peripheral arm that includes all the known redox centres and the NADH binding site. The MT-ND3 product and the rest of the mitochondrially encoded subunits are the most hydrophobic of the subunits of Complex I and form the core of the transmembrane region.[6]
Untranslated extra nucleotide
In the MT-ND3 gene from many species of birds and turtles [11] there is an extra nucleotide that is not translated to protein.[12]Translational frameshifting or RNA editing are alternative explanations for maintenance of the functionality of the ND3 reading frame in birds possessing the one-nucleotide insertion.
This extra nucleotide feature suggests that turtles might be related to Archosauria, as evidenced by molecular phylogeny studies.[13][14] The absence of the extra nucleotide in crocodilians and some birds and turtles might also indicate that the corresponding taxa have lost this feature.
Function
The MT-ND3 product is a subunit of the respiratory chain Complex I that is believed to belong to the minimal assembly of core proteins required to catalyze NADH dehydrogenation and electron transfer to ubiquinone (coenzyme Q10).[15] Initially, NADH binds to Complex I and transfers two electrons to the isoalloxazine ring of the flavin mononucleotide (FMN) prosthetic arm to form FMNH2. The electrons are transferred through a series of iron-sulfur (Fe-S) clusters in the prosthetic arm and finally to coenzyme Q10 (CoQ), which is reduced to ubiquinol (CoQH2). The flow of electrons changes the redox state of the protein, resulting in a conformational change and pK shift of the ionizable side chain, which pumps four hydrogen ions out of the mitochondrial matrix.[6]
Clinical significance
Pathogenic variants of the mitochondrial gene MT-ND3 are known to cause mtDNA-associated Leigh syndrome, as are variants of MT-ATP6, MT-TL1, MT-TK, MT-TW, MT-TV, MT-ND1, MT-ND2, MT-ND4, MT-ND5, MT-ND6 and MT-CO3. Abnormalities in mitochondrial energy generation result in neurodegenerative disorders like Leigh syndrome, which is characterized by an onset of symptoms between 12 months and three years of age. The symptoms frequently present themselves following a viral infection and include movement disorders and peripheral neuropathy, as well as hypotonia, spasticity and cerebellar ataxia. Roughly half of affected patients die of respiratory or cardiac failure by the age of three. Leigh syndrome is a maternally inherited disorder and its diagnosis is established through genetic testing of the aforementioned mitochondrial genes, including MT-ND3.[7] These complex I genes have been associated with a variety of neurodegenerative disorders, including Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON), mitochondrial encephalomyopathy with stroke-like episodes (MELAS) and the previously mentioned Leigh syndrome.[8]
Interactions
MT-ND3 has been shown to have 5 binary protein-protein interactions including 2 co-complex interactions. MT-ND3 appears to interact with APP and NDUFA9.[16]
^ abcDonald Voet; Judith G. Voet; Charlotte W. Pratt (2013). "18". Fundamentals of biochemistry : life at the molecular level (4th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. pp. 581–620. ISBN9780470547847.
^ abThorburn DR, Rahman S (1993–2015). "Mitochondrial DNA-Associated Leigh Syndrome and NARP". In Pagon RA, Adam MP, Ardinger HH, Wallace SE, Amemiya A, Bean LJ, Bird TD, Dolan CR, Fong CT, Smith RJ, Stephens K (eds.). GeneReviews [Internet]. Seattle (WA): University of Washington, Seattle. PMID20301352.
Leshinsky-Silver E, Lev D, Tzofi-Berman Z, Cohen S, Saada A, Yanoov-Sharav M, Gilad E, Lerman-Sagie T (August 2005). "Fulminant neurological deterioration in a neonate with Leigh syndrome due to a maternally transmitted missense mutation in the mitochondrial ND3 gene". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 334 (2): 582–7. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.06.134. PMID16023078.
Grosso S, Carluccio MA, Cardaioli E, Cerase A, Malandrini A, Romano C, Federico A, Dotti MT (March 2017). "Complex I deficiency related to T10158C mutation ND3 gene: A further definition of the clinical spectrum". Brain & Development. 39 (3): 261–265. doi:10.1016/j.braindev.2016.09.013. PMID27742419. S2CID6565853.
Torroni A, Achilli A, Macaulay V, Richards M, Bandelt HJ (June 2006). "Harvesting the fruit of the human mtDNA tree". Trends in Genetics. 22 (6): 339–45. doi:10.1016/j.tig.2006.04.001. PMID16678300.
Coble MD, Just RS, O'Callaghan JE, Letmanyi IH, Peterson CT, Irwin JA, Parsons TJ (June 2004). "Single nucleotide polymorphisms over the entire mtDNA genome that increase the power of forensic testing in Caucasians". International Journal of Legal Medicine. 118 (3): 137–46. doi:10.1007/s00414-004-0427-6. PMID14760490. S2CID8413730.
Tanaka M, Cabrera VM, González AM, Larruga JM, Takeyasu T, Fuku N, Guo LJ, Hirose R, Fujita Y, Kurata M, Shinoda K, Umetsu K, Yamada Y, Oshida Y, Sato Y, Hattori N, Mizuno Y, Arai Y, Hirose N, Ohta S, Ogawa O, Tanaka Y, Kawamori R, Shamoto-Nagai M, Maruyama W, Shimokata H, Suzuki R, Shimodaira H (October 2004). "Mitochondrial genome variation in eastern Asia and the peopling of Japan". Genome Research. 14 (10A): 1832–50. doi:10.1101/gr.2286304. PMC524407. PMID15466285.
