List of patent medicines

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E. W. Kemble's "Death's Laboratory" on the cover of Collier's (June 3, 1905)

A patent medicine, also known as a proprietary medicine or a nostrum (from the Latin nostrum remedium, or "our remedy") is a commercial product advertised to consumers as an over-the-counter medicine, generally for a variety of ailments, without regard to its actual effectiveness or the potential for harmful side effects. The earliest patent medicines were created in the 17th century. They were most popular from the mid-19th century to the early 20th century, before the advent of consumer protection laws and evidence-based medicine.[1][2] Despite the name, patent medicines were usually trademarked but not actually patented, in order to keep their formulas secret.[3][4]

Patent medicines often included alcohol and drugs such as opium as active ingredients.[5] Addiction and overdose were common as a result.[6][7] Some formulations included toxic ingredients such as arsenic, lead, and mercury.[8] Other ingredients like sarsaparilla and wintergreen may have been medically inert and largely harmless, but lacked significant medical benefits.[9] It was rare for any patent medication to be pharmacologically effective, and none lived up to the miraculous promises made by their advertising.[9]

Patent medicine advertising was typically outlandish, eye-catching, and had little basis in reality.[10] Advertisements emphasized exotic or scientific-sounding ingredients, featured endorsements from purported experts or celebrities, and often claimed that products were universal remedies or panaceas.[11] Beginning in the early 20th century, the passage of consumer protection laws in countries like the United Kingdom, United States, and Canada began to regulate deceptive advertising and put limits on what ingredients could be used in medicines, putting an end to the dominance of patent medicines.[2][12][13] Although some modern alternative medicines bear similarities to patent medicines, the term most typically refers to remedies created before modern regulations, and the scope of this list reflects that.[14][15][16][17]

Types of patent medicine

1889 lithograph advertisement

Various types of pre-scientific medical preparations, some based on folk or traditional remedies, were sold as patent medicines.[18] Because patent medicines were unscientific and unregulated, the brand names of many products were not necessarily an accurate reflection of their ingredients or preparation methods.

Notable brand names

Surviving brands and products

Early 20th-century advertisement
A bottle of Fernet-Branca herbal liqueur

Some brands from the patent medicine era have survived into the present day, typically with significantly revised formulas and toned-down advertising. Some are still sold as medicines, with more realistic claims and less harmful ingredients. Many others, particularly liquid preparations, have been revised into non-medical food or drink products such as soft drinks.[14]

Discontinued products

Antique bottles of Daffy's Elixir, Dalby's Carminative and Turlington's Balsam of Life
Dr. Williams' Pink Pills for Pale People
Advertising poster from about 1890
A bottle of Radithor at the National Museum of Nuclear Science & History
1894 advertisement poster for Vin Mariani, lithograph by Jules Chéret

See also

References

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