Kinin
A kinin is any of various structurally related polypeptides, such as bradykinin and kallidin.[1] They are members of the autacoid family.[2] Kinins are peptides that are cleaved from kininogens by the process of kallikreins. Kallikreins activate kinins when stimulated.[3]
It is a component of the kinin-kallikrein system.
Their precursors are kininogens.[4] Kininogens contain a 9-11 amino acid bradykinin sequence.[5]
In botany, the plant hormones known as cytokinins were first called kinins, but the name was changed to avoid confusion.[6]
Effects of Kinins
Kinin are short lived peptides that cause pain sensation, arteriolar dilation, increase vascular permeability and cause contractions in smooth muscle. Kinins transmit their effects through G protein- coupled receptors.[5]
Kinin act on axons to block nervous impulses, which leads to distal muscle relaxation. Kinin are also potent nerve stimulators. which is mostly responsible for the sense of pain (and sometimes itching). Kinin increase vascular permeability by acting on vascular endothelial cells to cause cell contraction. Concomitantly they induce local expression of adhesive molecules. Together they increase leukocytes adhesion and extravasation. Kinin are rapidly inactivated by the proteases locally generated during the above-mentioned processes.[7]
They act locally to induce vasodilation and contraction of smooth muscle.[8] Kinins function as mediators for inflammatory responses by triggering the immune system. They are also able to regulate cardiovascular and renal function through mediating the effects of ACE inhibitors.[9] Reduced kinin activity can result in high blood pressure, sodium retention and the narrowing of blood vessels.[3]
Aspirin inhibits the activation of kallenogen by interfering with the formation of kallikrein enzyme which is essential in the process of activation.
Where kinins are produced
Kinins are mostly produced at inflamed or injured tissue of the body and human body fluids. Kinin peptides (kallidin and bradykinin) are located in human blood and urine.[10]
Kinin Receptors
There are two types of kinin receptors, B1 and B2. Both are G-protein coupled receptors in which B2 are expressed in various tissues and B1 are induced from inflammation, tissue injuries and stress.[11] The quantity of B2 receptors in the human body, exceed B1 receptors.[10]
B1 and B2 receptors are essentially related as homologous genes.[12] Both have the same cellular signaling pathways but, the patterns of the signaling pathway are different in the intensity and duration. B2 signaling pathway last only for a short time whereas BR1 signaling pathway undergoes longer.[13]
History
Kinin was initially discovered by J.E. Abelous and E. Bardier in 1909 when performing experiments utilizing human body fluids. Human body fluids such as urine was injected into dogs and it was observed that the urine caused a reduction in blood pressure.[3]
References
- ^ Kinins. De Gruyter. 2011. ISBN 978-3-11-025235-4.
- ^ Kinins at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
- ^ a b c Sharma, Jagdish N., ed. (2014). Recent Developments in the Regulation of Kinins. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-06683-7. ISBN 978-3-319-06682-0. S2CID 38701984.
- ^ Online Medical Dictionary
- ^ a b Bader, Michael (2011-01-16), Bader, Michael (ed.), "1 Kinins: History and outlook", Kinins, Berlin, Boston: DE GRUYTER, pp. 1–6, doi:10.1515/9783110252354.1, ISBN 978-3-11-025235-4, retrieved 2021-04-30
- ^ Galuszka P, Spíchal L, Kopečný D, Tarkowski P, Frébortová J, Šebela M, Frébort I (2008). "Metabolism of plant hormones cytokinins and their function in signaling, cell differentiation and plant development". Bioactive Natural Products (Part N). Studies in Natural Products Chemistry. Vol. 34. pp. 203–64. doi:10.1016/S1572-5995(08)80028-2. ISBN 978-0-444-53180-3.
- ^ Textbook Immunology: a short course, 5th ed, Coico R, Sunshine G, Benjamini E.Wiley-Liss
- ^ "Kinin" at Dorland's Medical Dictionary
- ^ Rhaleb NE, Yang XP, Carretero OA (April 2011). "The kallikrein-kinin system as a regulator of cardiovascular and renal function". Comprehensive Physiology. 1 (2): 971–93. doi:10.1002/cphy.c100053. ISBN 9780470650714. PMC 4685708. PMID 23737209.
- ^ a b Duncan, Ann-Maree; Kladis, Athena; Jennings, Garry L.; Dart, Anthony M.; Esler, Murray; Campbell, Duncan J. (2000-04-01). "Kinins in humans". American Journal of Physiology. Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology. 278 (4): R897–R904. doi:10.1152/ajpregu.2000.278.4.r897. ISSN 0363-6119. PMID 10749777.
- ^ Soley, Bruna da Silva; Morais, Rafael Leite Tavares de; Pesquero, João Bosco; Bader, Michael; Otuki, Michel Fleith; Cabrini, Daniela Almeida (2016-05-01). "Kinin receptors in skin wound healing". Journal of Dermatological Science. 82 (2): 95–105. doi:10.1016/j.jdermsci.2016.01.007. ISSN 0923-1811. PMID 26817699.
- ^ Girolami, Jean-Pierre; Bouby, Nadine; Richer-Giudicelli, Christine; Alhenc-Gelas, Francois (March 2021). "Kinins and Kinin Receptors in Cardiovascular and Renal Diseases". Pharmaceuticals. 14 (3): 240. doi:10.3390/ph14030240. ISSN 1424-8247. PMC 8000381. PMID 33800422.
- ^ da Costa, Patrícia L. N.; Sirois, Pierre; Tannock, Ian F.; Chammas, Roger (2014-04-01). "The role of kinin receptors in cancer and therapeutic opportunities". Cancer Letters. 345 (1): 27–38. doi:10.1016/j.canlet.2013.12.009. ISSN 0304-3835. PMID 24333733.