KCTD7
| KCTD7 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Aliases | KCTD7, CLN14, EPM3, potassium channel tetramerization domain containing 7 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| External IDs | OMIM: 611725 MGI: 2442265 HomoloGene: 17687 GeneCards: KCTD7 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Potassium channel tetramerisation domain containing 7 is a protein in humans that is encoded by the KCTD7 gene.[4] Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants.
Description
The KCTD7 gene encodes a member of the potassium channel tetramerisation domain-containing protein family. Family members are identified on a structural basis and contain an amino-terminal domain similar to the T1 domain present in the voltage-gated potassium channel.[4] KCTD7 displays a primary sequence and hydropathy profile indicating intracytoplasmic localization. EST database analysis showed that KCTD7 is expressed in human and mouse brain.[5]
Function
KCTD7 expression hyperpolarizes the cell membrane and reduces the excitability of transfected neurons in patch clamp experiments.[6] KCTD7 mRNA and protein are expressed in hippocampal neurons, deep layers of the cerebral cortex and Purkinje cells of the murine brain as shown by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry experiments. Immunoprecipitation assays demonstrates that KCTD7 is able to prudhommerie and directly interacts with cullin-3 (CUL3), a component of the ubiquitin ligase complex. These interactions are thought to be mediated via the BTB/POZ domain of KCTD7. However, KCTD7 does not show any interaction cullin-1 (CUL1). Immunoprecipitation assays also shows that KCTD7 does not interact with Ubiquitin-flag, suggesting a potential role of KCTD7 in the ubiquitin ligase complex without being itself subject to ubiquitination. Immunofluorescence microscopy shows a cytosolic expression of the recombinant GFP-KCTD7 protein in transfected COS-7 cells.
One possible hypothesis is that KCTD7 regulates indirectly the membrane expression level of a potassium channel. By conjugating with cullin-3 ubiquitin ligase complex, KCTD7 may modulate the expression level of a negative regulator of potassium channel. Therefore, the overexpression of KCTD7 in neurons would increase the degradation of that regulatory molecule leading to the increase of potassium current through the cell membrane as observed in patch clamp experiments.
In cultured mouse hippocampal cells, expression is found in the cell soma, in neuritic varicosities along the developing neuronal extensions, and in neurite growth cones, but not in the nucleus.[7] Kctd7 is widely expressed in neurons throughout the intact mouse brain, including in cortical neurons, in granular and pyramidal cell layers of the hippocampus, and in cerebellar Purkinje cells. However, not all neuronal cells are immunopositive for Kctd7, and expression is not seen in astrocytes or microglial cells. Expression is constant from P5 to 2 months in cerebellar lysates. Overexpression of KCTD7 in HeLa and COS-1 cells, which do not express endogenous KCTD7, shows diffuse cytosolic localization, with no colocalization with markers for endosomes, ER, Golgi, lysosomes, or the cytoskeleton.
Beside the BTB/POZ domain of KCTD7, other residues are critical for its proper interaction with cullin-3.[8] Furthermore, a full-length 31-kD Kctd7 isoform is expressed in mouse brain. Other major immunoreactive bands included a 28-kD species in the spleen, liver, and kidneys, a 37-kD species in the kidneys, and a 62-kD form most likely corresponding to a stable dimer. The presence of multiple bands was consistent with alternative splicing and tissue-specific regulation.
Clinical significance
In 3 affected members of a large consanguineous Moroccan family with progressive myoclonic epilepsy-3, a homozygous nonsense mutation in the KCTD7 gene (R99X) has been identified.[5]
In 2 Mexican siblings with infantile onset of progressive myoclonic epilepsy and pathologic findings of neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis in multiple cell types, a homozygous mutation in the KCTD7 gene (R184C) has been identified.[8] The mutation was identified by whole-exome sequencing and confirmed by Sanger sequencing. This phenotype has been identified as CLN14. KCTD7 mutations were not found in 32 additional CLN samples.[8]
References
- ^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000243335 – Ensembl, May 2017
- ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ^ a b "Entrez Gene: Potassium channel tetramerisation domain containing 7". Retrieved 2012-07-24.
- ^ a b Van Bogaert P, Azizieh R, Désir J, Aeby A, De Meirleir L, Laes JF, Christiaens F, Abramowicz MJ (Jun 2007). "Mutation of a potassium channel-related gene in progressive myoclonic epilepsy". Annals of Neurology. 61 (6): 579–86. doi:10.1002/ana.21121. PMID 17455289. S2CID 33761561.
- ^ Azizieh R, Orduz D, Van Bogaert P, Bouschet T, Rodriguez W, Schiffmann SN, Pirson I, Abramowicz MJ (Aug 2011). "Progressive myoclonic epilepsy-associated gene KCTD7 is a regulator of potassium conductance in neurons". Molecular Neurobiology. 44 (1): 111–21. doi:10.1007/s12035-011-8194-0. PMID 21710140. S2CID 13165736.
- ^ Kousi M, Anttila V, Schulz A, Calafato S, Jakkula E, Riesch E, Myllykangas L, Kalimo H, Topçu M, Gökben S, Alehan F, Lemke JR, Alber M, Palotie A, Kopra O, Lehesjoki AE (Jun 2012). "Novel mutations consolidate KCTD7 as a progressive myoclonus epilepsy gene". Journal of Medical Genetics. 49 (6): 391–9. doi:10.1136/jmedgenet-2012-100859. PMC 3773914. PMID 22693283.
- ^ a b c Staropoli JF, Karaa A, Lim ET, Kirby A, Elbalalesy N, Romansky SG, Leydiker KB, Coppel SH, Barone R, Xin W, MacDonald ME, Abdenur JE, Daly MJ, Sims KB, Cotman SL (Jul 2012). "A homozygous mutation in KCTD7 links neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis to the ubiquitin-proteasome system". American Journal of Human Genetics. 91 (1): 202–8. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2012.05.023. PMC 3397260. PMID 22748208.
Further reading
- Wineinger NE, Patki A, Meyers KJ, Broeckel U, Gu CC, Rao DC, Devereux RB, Arnett DK, Tiwari HK (2011). "Genome-wide joint SNP and CNV analysis of aortic root diameter in African Americans: the HyperGEN study". BMC Medical Genomics. 4: 4. doi:10.1186/1755-8794-4-4. PMC 3027088. PMID 21223598.
- Krabichler B, Rostasy K, Baumann M, Karall D, Scholl-Bürgi S, Schwarzer C, Gautsch K, Spreiz A, Kotzot D, Zschocke J, Fauth C, Haberlandt E (Jul 2012). "Novel mutation in potassium channel related gene KCTD7 and progressive myoclonic epilepsy". Annals of Human Genetics. 76 (4): 326–31. doi:10.1111/j.1469-1809.2012.00710.x. PMID 22606975. S2CID 24179893.
- Blumkin L, Kivity S, Lev D, Cohen S, Shomrat R, Lerman-Sagie T, Leshinsky-Silver E (Dec 2012). "A compound heterozygous missense mutation and a large deletion in the KCTD7 gene presenting as an opsoclonus-myoclonus ataxia-like syndrome". Journal of Neurology. 259 (12): 2590–8. doi:10.1007/s00415-012-6545-z. PMID 22638565. S2CID 20358443.
- Choy KW, Wang CC, Ogura A, Lau TK, Rogers MS, Ikeo K, Gojobori T, Lam DS, Pang CP (Mar 2006). "Genomic annotation of 15,809 ESTs identified from pooled early gestation human eyes". Physiological Genomics. 25 (1): 9–15. doi:10.1152/physiolgenomics.00121.2005. PMID 16368877.
This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.