Hallingmål-Valdris

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Hallingmål-Valdris
Halling, Hallingdøl, Valdresmål
Native toNorway
RegionHallingdal, Valdres
Language codes
ISO 639-3
GlottologNone
Administrative map of Hallingdal and Valdres

Hallingmål-Valdris (also known by the individual names Halling, Hallingdøl, or Valdresmål) is a group of Norwegian dialects traditionally spoken in the traditional districts Hallingdal, Buskerud and Valdres, Oppland.[a]

Phonology

Consonants

  • /rn/ is usually realized as a prestopped nasal [dn̩], while the allophone [ɳ] only occurs in words like baren ([bɑːɳ])[4] "the bar".[5][b]
  • /rl/ also has a prestopped realization [dl].[5]
  • The phoneme which is commonly called thick L (written /ɽ/ in IPA), exists in words that had either ⟨l⟩ or ⟨rð⟩ in Old Norse. In Vang, /ɽ/ occurs only in the first case.[7]
  • The consonant clusters ⟨sk⟩, ⟨skj⟩, and ⟨sj⟩ were not pronounced as [ʂ], only ⟨-rs-⟩ was.[8] Sørbygdi in Flå pronounces ⟨sj⟩ as [ʂ], while Gulsvik pronounces it as [ʂj].[9]
  • The consonant clusters ⟨sl⟩ and ⟨tl⟩ were mostly assimilated to [sl]. Hol and Ål assimilated these to [l̥],[10][11] and Sørbygdi in Flå assimilated ⟨sl⟩ to [ʂl].[9]
  • The clusters ⟨-ld⟩, ⟨-nd⟩ and ⟨-mb⟩ are pronounced as spelled.[12][13][14]
  • The Old Norse cluster ⟨-fn⟩ is pronounced as assimilated [bdn] or [bn].[13]

Vowels

  • The back vowels [ʊ, uː] and [ɔ, oː] in older Hallingmål-Valdris were pronounced as in Old Norse, without the vowel shift to, respectively, [ʉ, ʉː] and [ʊ, uː] that is found in most other Norwegian dialects.[15][16]
  • The short Old Norse vowels ⟨o⟩ and ⟨ö⟩ are pronounced as central [ɞ] almost everywhere, except for Ål (but not Torpo), where these are back [ɔ].[7][17][18] In Valdres (except for Vang), the schwa /ə/ can also be realized as [ɞ].[7]
  • Traditionally, /æ, æː/ were pronounced as open-mid [ɛ, ɛː].[15]
  • The words pronounced [e(ː)] and [ɛ(ː)] mean "I" and "am", respectively.[15]
  • Itacism is found in southern Hallingdal (Flå, Nes and some in Gol), making the vowel /yː/ to be unrounded to [].[19]
  • The Old Norse diphthongs ⟨ei⟩, ⟨ey⟩ and ⟨au⟩ are traditionally pronounced as [aɪ̯], [ɔʏ̯] ([eɪ̯] in southern Hallingdal)[19] and [aʊ̯]. This is occurs today especially in upper Valdres and Hol and Ål.[7][8]

Grammar

Declension of nouns[20][21][c]
Gender Singular Plural
Indefinite Definite Dative Indefinite Definite Dative
Feminine Strong
(with i-
declension)
[suːɽ] [suːɽɛ] [suːɳ] [ˈsuːˈɽɛ],[d]
[ˈsuːˈɽi][e]
[ˈsuːɽˈidn̩] [ˈsuːˈɽu]
Strong
(with a-decl.)
[jaɪ̯t] [ˈjaɪ̯ˈtɛ] [ˈjaɪ̯ˈtn̩] [jaɪ̯ta] [ˈjaɪ̯ˈtadn̩] [ˈjaɪ̯ˈtu]
Weak
(with u-decl.)
[ˈjɛnˈtɛ] [ˈjɛnˈta] [ˈjɛnˈtʉn] [ˈjɛnˈtʉ] [ˈjɛnˈtʉdn̩] [ˈjɛnˈtu]
Masculine Strong
(with a-decl.)
[gʉːt] [gʉːtn̩] [gʉːta] [ˈgʉːˈta] [ˈgʉːˈtadn̩] [ˈgʉːˈtu]
Strong
(with i-decl.)
[griːs] [griːsn̩] [ˈgriːˈsɛ] [ˈgriːˈsɛ],[d]
[ˈgriːˈsi][e]
[ˈgriːˈsidn̩] [griːsu]
Weak
(with a-decl.)
[ˈbakˈkɛ] [ˈbakˈkin] [ˈbakˈka] [ˈbakˈka] [ˈbakˈkadn̩] [ˈbakˈku]
Neutrum Strong [hʉːs] [hʉːsɛ] [ˈhʉːˈsɛ] [hʉːs] [hʉːsɛ]
Weak [aʊ̯ga] [aʊ̯ga(ə)] [aʊ̯gaɛ] [aʊ̯gʉ],[f] [aʊ̯gu][d] [aʊ̯gu],[f]
[aʊ̯gʉdn̩][d]
[aʊ̯gu]
Personal pronouns[22][23][c]
Person Subjective
case
Objective
case
Dative
case
Possessive
Feminine Masculine Neuter
Subj./Obj. Dative Subj./Obj. Dative Subj./Obj. Dative
Sg. Pl. Sg. Pl. Sg. Pl. Sg. Pl. Sg. Pl. Sg. Pl.
1st p. sg. [eː] [meː] [meː] [miː] [ˈmiːˈnə] [ˈmiːˈnə] [miː] [mɪn] [ˈmiːˈnə] [ˈmiːˈnə] [miː] [mɪt] [ˈmiːˈnə] [ˈmiːˈnə] [miː]
2nd person sg. [dʉː] [deː] [deː] [diː] [ˈdiːˈnə] [ˈdiːˈnə] [diː] [dɪn] [ˈdiːˈnə] [ˈdiːˈnə] [diː] [dɪt] [ˈdiːˈnə] [ˈdiːˈnə] [diː]
3rd p. sg. f. [huː],
[ˈhuːˈna]
[huː],
[ˈhuːˈna]
[ˈhɛnˈnɛ],
[n]
[ˈhɛnˈnɛ(r)] ([ˈhɛnˈnar]),[g] [ˈhɛnˈnɛs][h]
3rd p. sg. m. [han], [n] [han], [n] [huːnu], [u] [has]
3rd p. sg. n. [dɛ] [dɛ] [di] [siː] [ˈsiːˈnə] [ˈsiːˈnə] [siː] [sɪn] [ˈsiːˈnə] [ˈsiːˈnə] [siː] [sɪt] [ˈsiːˈnə] [ˈsiːˈnə] [siː]
1st p. pl. [meː], [mɞː][i] [ʉs], [ɞs][j] [ʉs], [ɞs][j] [voːr] [voʈ] [ˈvoːˈre][k] [ˈvoːˈru]
2nd p. pl. [deː], [dɞː][i] [ˈdikˈka(n)],
[ˈdikˈku(n)][l]
[ˈdikˈka(n)],
[ˈdikˈku(n)][l]
[ˈdikˈka(n)], [ˈdikˈku(n)][l]
3rd p. pl [daɪ̯] [daɪ̯] [daɪ̯] [ˈdaɪ̯ˈris], [ˈdeːˈris], [ˈdeːˈres][j]

Citations

Notes

  1. ^ The southern villages Begnadalen and Hedalen in Sør-Aurdal, Valdres don't speak Valdris,[2] as their dialect is closer to the Ringerike dialect.[3]
  2. ^ It may also be realized as [tn̩] in Hemsedal, Gol and the southern villages in Valdres, although this only occurs in plural definite form.[6][5]
  3. ^ a b The IPA used here is with the traditional diphthongs, and the vowel shift.
  4. ^ a b c d Only used in Valdres.[21]
  5. ^ a b Only used in Hallingdal and the southern villages in Valdres.[21]
  6. ^ a b Only used in Hallingdal.[21]
  7. ^ These forms are used interchangeably,[24] though Hallingdal only uses the first, without the r.[25]
  8. ^ Only used in Aurdal and Etnedal.[24]
  9. ^ a b Only used in Valdres, except for Vang.[24]
  10. ^ a b c Only used in Sør-Aurdal.[24]
  11. ^ In the older dialects of Vang and Slidre, [ˈvoːˈra] has been used for feminine, but is not used today.[26]
  12. ^ a b c Only used in Hol and Ål.[27]

References

  1. ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (2022-05-24). "Older Runic". Glottolog. Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. Archived from the original on 2022-11-13. Retrieved 2022-11-13.
  2. ^ Kvåle 1999, p. 7.
  3. ^ Jahr 1990, p. 57.
  4. ^ Kvåle 1999, p. 12.
  5. ^ a b c Skjekkeland 1997, p. 116.
  6. ^ Kvåle 1999, p. 19, 21.
  7. ^ a b c d Jahr 1990, p. 58.
  8. ^ a b Kvåle 1999, p. 17.
  9. ^ a b Venås 1977, p. 36.
  10. ^ Ross 1907, p. 20.
  11. ^ Venås 1977, p. 16.
  12. ^ Kvåle 1999, p. 18.
  13. ^ a b Skjekkeland 1997, p. 216.
  14. ^ Venås 1977, p. 48.
  15. ^ a b c Kvåle 1999, p. 15.
  16. ^ Skjekkeland 1997, p. 47.
  17. ^ Kvåle 1999, p. 16.
  18. ^ Venås, Kjell. "dialekter i Hallingdal". snl.no. Retrieved 8 July 2015.
  19. ^ a b Jahr 1990, p. 56.
  20. ^ Kvåle 1999, p. 20-25.
  21. ^ a b c d Ross 1907, p. 22.
  22. ^ Kvåle 1999, p. 32-34.
  23. ^ Venås 1977, p. 127-133.
  24. ^ a b c d Kvåle 1999, p. 32.
  25. ^ Venås 1977, p. 127-128.
  26. ^ Kvåle 1999, p. 34.
  27. ^ Venås 1977, p. 129.

Literature